Vaccination and Eradication of Smallpox Essay -- Biology Medical Biome

The Vaccination and eradication of SmallpoxSmallpox, a disease caused by the variola virus, has devastated populace for many centuries. Because of its high mortality rate, civilizations around the world sought to protect themselves from this disease. Throughout the 1700s, these protective rules became more sophisticated, and led up to Edward Jenners inoculation method in 1796. Indeed, the World Health Organization, the Center for Disease Control and the Agency for International Development began a joint program to eradicate variola in 1967. It utilized methods of mass vaccination, surveillance, and containment. The endeavor was successful, and in 1980, WHO officially declared the annihilation of variola major virus.Since 1000 B.C., the world had been plagued by the variola virus, the causative agent of smallpox. The disease has a 30% mortality rate (Centers for Disease Control CDC, 2004). Consequently, it was a great victory for humankind when the World Health Organization (WHO) officially declared the annihilation of smallpox from the world. The smallpox vaccine was the first vaccine ever developed, and the eradication was the first successful eradication of a disease. Therefore, it is very important for baseball club to survey the processes that led to the vaccination and eradication of smallpox.inoculation, a process that offered protection from smallpox, can be dated back to 1000 B.C. In China, the smallpox scabs were small-grained and pursy into noses, and in India, pus was rubbed into skin lesions to immunize the healthy individuals against future infections. Throughout Asia and Great Britain, inoculation was also frequently practiced (History and Eradication of Smallpox, n.d., p.2).Inoculation methods amend over time. Originally, ... ...enners smallpox vaccine. Great Britain Heinemann Educational Books.Centers for Disease and Control. (2004, December 30). Smallpox Overview. In Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved July 20, 200 6, from http//www.bt.cdc.gov/agent/smallpox/overview/disease-facts.aspHistory and Eradication of Smallpox. (n.d.). Retrieved July 20, 2006, from http//www.portfolio.mvm.ed.ac.uk/studentwebs/session4/32/history.htmOgden, H. G. (1987). CDC and the smallpox crusade. Washington, D.C. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.Razzell, P. (1977). The conquest of smallpox. Sussex Caliban Books.World Health Organization. (n.d.). The World Health Organization Smallpox Eradication Programme. In WHO smallpox eradication programme. Retrieved July 20, 2006, from University of Toronto Web site http//choo.fis.utoronto.ca/fis/courses/lis2102/KO.WHO.case.html Vaccination and Eradication of Smallpox Essay -- Biology Medical BiomeThe Vaccination and Eradication of SmallpoxSmallpox, a disease caused by the variola virus, has devastated humanity for many centuries. Because of its high mortality rate, civilizations around the world sought to protect themselves from this disease. Throug hout the 1700s, these protective methods became more sophisticated, and led up to Edward Jenners vaccination method in 1796. Indeed, the World Health Organization, the Center for Disease Control and the Agency for International Development began a joint program to eradicate smallpox in 1967. It utilized methods of mass vaccination, surveillance, and containment. The endeavor was successful, and in 1980, WHO officially declared the eradication of smallpox.Since 1000 B.C., the world had been plagued by the variola virus, the causative agent of smallpox. The disease has a 30% mortality rate (Centers for Disease Control CDC, 2004). Consequently, it was a great victory for humankind when the World Health Organization (WHO) officially declared the eradication of smallpox from the world. The smallpox vaccine was the first vaccine ever developed, and the eradication was the first successful eradication of a disease. Therefore, it is very important for society to study the processes that led to the vaccination and eradication of smallpox.Inoculation, a process that offered protection from smallpox, can be dated back to 1000 B.C. In China, the smallpox scabs were powdered and blown into noses, and in India, pus was rubbed into skin lesions to immunize the healthy individuals against future infections. Throughout Asia and Great Britain, inoculation was also frequently practiced (History and Eradication of Smallpox, n.d., p.2).Inoculation methods improved over time. Originally, ... ...enners smallpox vaccine. Great Britain Heinemann Educational Books.Centers for Disease and Control. (2004, December 30). Smallpox Overview. In Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved July 20, 2006, from http//www.bt.cdc.gov/agent/smallpox/overview/disease-facts.aspHistory and Eradication of Smallpox. (n.d.). Retrieved July 20, 2006, from http//www.portfolio.mvm.ed.ac.uk/studentwebs/session4/32/history.htmOgden, H. G. (1987). CDC and the smallpox crusade. Washington, D.C. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.Razzell, P. (1977). The conquest of smallpox. Sussex Caliban Books.World Health Organization. (n.d.). The World Health Organization Smallpox Eradication Programme. In WHO smallpox eradication programme. Retrieved July 20, 2006, from University of Toronto Web site http//choo.fis.utoronto.ca/fis/courses/lis2102/KO.WHO.case.html

Community Service and Volunteering Essay -- Contribution to My Communit

Volunteers are not paid not beca routine they are worthless, but because they are priceless. - Sherry Anderson (Volunteering Quotes Finest Quotes). On average, when people think close community service, they assume that volunteering is just hours we need to be able to graduate and that is it. Community service is more than just hours community service is based on the acts performed by someone with the purpose of helping or bringing benefits to his or her community. People frequently compare community service as a penalty since it is often offered to small-time offenders as an alternative to fines or jail time. However, community service is the vital force to many communities since they depend on the service do by the volunteers to be able to grow (The Importance of Volunteers). Nowadays, the words community service and volunteering are being used constantly. People tend to forget or misunderstand the real meaning or significance of volunteering. By exploring the history and sig nificance of volunteering in the United States, people can develop a gloss of volunteering and enrich their lives and make a positive social contribution. Being a volunteer means that, that person is giving his or her time and skills to help their hold community and those in needs, whether in a service, project or organization. People cannot confuse volunteering with a regular job since volunteers are not paid, and they just use their gratis time to help others, without expecting something in return (Student Essay on The Importance of Community Service). We persistently see community service and volunteering as a waste of time and unproductive act, but we need to take into account the seriousness these two topics ... ...ans, Book Summaries and More. Web. 03 Oct. 2011. .The Importance of Volunteers. The Importance of Volunteers. Web. 14 Dec. 2011.Volunteer clutches Quotes, Sayings of Thanks for Volunteering. The Quote Garden - Quotes, Sayings, Quotations, Verses . Web. 14 Dec. 2011. .Volunteering. KidsHealth - the Webs Most Visited Site about Childrens Health. Web. 05 Dec. 2011. .Volunteering Quotes Finest Quotes. Source for Famous Quotes, Inspirational Quotes & Sayings Finest Quotes. Web. 05 Dec. 2011. .What Is Volunteering. Kids Why Questions. Web. 05 Dec. 2011. .

The Tragically Paradoxical Role of Women in Ancient Roman Society :: Essays Papers

The Tragically Paradoxical Role of Women in Ancient papistic SocietyIn nervous preparation for the essay section of my history final, I found myself fascinated by Livys anecdotes concerning the common thread of military group against women. Livy, a Roman historian, wrote a significant number of volumes concerning the ride and fall of the Roman Empire. Three stories in particular, the rape of the Sabine women, the rape of Lucretia, and the death of Verginia, roam light on the ancient Roman female as a surrogate victim blamed for her gender and sexuality in relation to men. season considering the themes of Marchs Womens HerStory Month and now Aprils Domestic Violence Awareness month, I thought it might be relevant to abide awareness of womens struggles during this time. Such a reflection would spur progress towards a society that fosters nonviolence and gender equality. One should note how the women involved in these stories face a fundamental and perhaps ethical paradox in their situation.Many articles in learned journals refer to Livys rape of the Sabine women as a myth, but I believe a kernel of truth shines through this supposed fiction to reveal how the aggressive and selfish character of the wee Romans imposed themselves on the lives of unknowing, innocent Sabine women. In 715 BC, capital of Italy was experiencing rapid expansion so Romulus, the current leader, faced a problem in his opposition to increase the population. There existed no intermarriage among neighboring communities and consequently, the Romans felt resentful. Due to a shortage of woman, the Romans in truth faced extinction at this time. So Rome staged a celebration of the Consualia, a festival in honor of Neptune, patron of the horse. Citizens came from nearby towns such as Caenina, Crustumium, Antemnae, and all the Sabines. However, when the show began, all the capable Roman men rushed through the crowd and seized all the young women. As a result, war broke out between the Sabines a nd the Romans and it was the woman who actually emerged to unite their husbands and fathers, blaming themselves for the war (while they were the true victims). Livy claims that the nature of a womens heart caused them to sympathize with their husbands, who had kidnapped them and taken them from their homes. The men, too, played their part they spoke honeyed words and vowed that it was aroused love which prompted their offense. No plea can better touch a womans heart (Livy 44).

Prejudice :: essays research papers

Prejudice In SocietyThe world that we live in today, although improving, is tainted with cruelty and hatred toward different races. Personally, I have never considered myself to be racist. Growing up attending predominately white catholic schools, though, really supply me from any type of diversity. Between prime(prenominal) and twelfth grade, I could count on one hand how many African-Americans I knew. Living in a society like this, I had a tremendous culture shock upon enrolling at the University of Cincinnati. I have now realized that when making judgments on people, you fatality to do so with closed eyes, blocking out any types of stereotypes.Upon coming to the University of Cincinnati, I knew that it would be a dramatic change to be around such(prenominal) a diverse group of people, but I never expected what was coming up next. While checking in at the front desk of my dorm, I detect there were two names on my room assignment that I didnt recognize. While unpacking my clothe s, the door opens and my other two roommates, which happened to be black, walked in. at first I felt a little uncomfortable, but I was alright because I still had three of my friend moving in soon. As I talked to my two new roommates, I found out that they both went to inner-city schools within ten minutes of mine. As the day went on and I kept getting to know them, we began to get along better. I now consider them to be two my best friends here. This experience has taught me to never judge a book by its cover. Whether it is from watching B.

Dylan Thomas Do Not Go Gente Into That Good Night and Catherine Davis

Dylan Thomas Do not Go Gente Into That Good Night and Catherine Davis After a Time In Dylan Thomass Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night and Catherine Daviss After a Time, there is a very clear concept of differences and similarities between the two poems. From a readers standpoint, they seemed to be quite a bit more alike than dissimilar. Through an investigative analysis, Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night and After a Time were proven to be comparable in almost every aspect in poetry, such as structure, rhyme scheme, and meter. At a prototypal glance, both poems strike as death related pieces of writing. That is where the contrast of the two is distinguished. Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night sees death as something we can fight to avoid. If one is able to passionateness, rage against the dying light, he or she will be able to shy away from this life-ending situation. This author states that no matter the person or circumstances, everyone sh ould envision death as a negative thing and resist as long as possible. This does not of necessity give a positive twist on death, but it does give one some insight into why there is a reason to rage until the end. In a stanza-by-stanza analysis, there was a more complex interpretation of the meaning. First in Do Not Go, the first stanza states that one should be able to feel old age creeping up on our bodies, yet we must fight against it. The author also informs us that wise pack know when death is near because of a lack of interest in their words, and good people cry out their deeds to make them known. Explained in 4, around the bend men, who do wild things, learn too late and ar... ... point is that the second stanzas last line in both poems contains the title of that particular selection. In conclusion, these poems, Do Not Go into That Good Night and After a Time, are not completely the same, but they do prove to have a coarse amount of similar ities. Opposite meanings do not always signify a conflict in structure. The arrangement of the poems is nearly exact to one another, and they can be picked apart to find even more complex likenesses. A deeper understanding can be found of both of these pieces just by going into a detailed comparison and contrast. WORKS CITED ----------- Davis, Catherine. After a Time. Literature The human Experience. 8th Ed. 2002. 1414-1415. Thomas, Dylan. Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night. Literature The Human Experience. 8th Ed. 2002. 1412.

Dylan Thomas Do Not Go Gente Into That Good Night and Catherine Davis

Dylan Thomas Do non Go Gente Into That Good Night and Catherine Davis afterward a Time In Dylan Thomass Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night and Catherine Daviss After a Time, there is a very slang concept of differences and similarities between the two poems. From a readers standpoint, they seemed to be quite a bit more alike than dissimilar. Through an investigative analysis, Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night and After a Time were proven to be comparable in almost every aspect in poetry, much(prenominal) as structure, rhyme scheme, and meter. At a first glance, both poems strike as death related pieces of writing. That is where the contrast of the two is distinguished. Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night sees death as something we can oppose to avoid. If one is able to rage, rage against the dying light, he or she will be able to shy away from this life-ending situation. This author states that no matter the person or circumstances, everyo ne should envision death as a negative thing and tolerate as long as possible. This does not necessarily give a positive twist on death, and it does give one some cleverness into why there is a reason to rage until the end. In a stanza-by-stanza analysis, there was a more complex interpretation of the meaning. First in Do Not Go, the first stanza states that one should be able to feel old age creeping up on our bodies, yet we must fight against it. The author also informs us that wise people know when death is near because of a lack of interest in their words, and good people wawl out their deeds to make them known. Explained in 4, crazy men, who do wild things, learn too late and ar... ... point is that the second stanzas last line in both poems contains the title of that particular selection. In conclusion, these poems, Do Not Go into That Good Night and After a Time, are not completely the same, but they do prove to have a vast amount of similar ities. Opposite meanings do not always signify a conflict in structure. The order of battle of the poems is nearly exact to one another, and they can be picked apart to find even more complex likenesses. A deeper understanding can be engraft of both of these pieces just by going into a detailed comparison and contrast. WORKS CITED ----------- Davis, Catherine. After a Time. Literature The Human Experience. 8th Ed. 2002. 1414-1415. Thomas, Dylan. Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night. Literature The Human Experience. 8th Ed. 2002. 1412.

What should Betty do?

Betty needs to evaluate the ethical and effectual aspect of the situation. Did Betty lied for the Senior Management point? The question Is astir(predicate) what Is right and what is ethical and, what Is the right thing for Betty to do? The current proposed action for Betty Is, whether the action Is legal? According to Bagley and Savage (2009), It Is vital to call in the legal Issue first In order to establish the perception that legal compliance is the starting point for any standard.Also the authors stated that when you try to forbear to the letter of the law while undermining the spirit, you are likely to violate the letter in the end (p. 26). This implies that it is better to adhere to the law beca employment law helps to shape the agonistical environment which affects each of the five forces that determine the attractiveness of an industry. In this regard being part of senior management, it is important for Betty to choose the legal path. Does answering yes to the legal iss ue, maximize shareholders value? There are two answers to the question, yes or no. If Betty answers yes, the next question Is, Is It ethical?The Issues of ethical are to prove o the customers, employees, community, environment, and suppliers than meet the shareholders. If the proposed Issue maximizes shareholders value and It Is ethical, then Betty has to disclose to the tender-hearted resource department. Similarly, If her answer in maximizing shareholders value is no, then Betty requires to evaluate the effects and cost on shareholders with regards to some other stakeholders. The question is would it be ethical not to take action? If the answer to this question is no, then Betty has to disclose her actions to shareholders.How should Human Resources handle his situation? Since human resources have requested Bettys personal and educational information to update her records, the human resources department needs to give her a deadline as to when the Information is due and likewise give her the option to set a meeting If she Is unable to come up with the Information at the stipulated time. Until human resources receives the Information or hears from Betty, they should give her the derive of the doubt without making any Judgment or assumption. In the event where Betty is unable to prove that she has an MBA, and make up ones mindd to come clean,Human resources should offer her a step pot with the option to complete her MBA, voluntary resignation and firing her should be the last resort considering her outstanding performance during her ten years tenure at Colossal. As Senior Vice President, the position requires legally astute managers and leaders are expected to adhere to the laws and ethical standards. As managers, they have to set the ethical footfall of the company and employees. Go ethical behavior from leaders is considered good for a business and the authors stated that patterns of unethical behavior tend o result In Illegal behavior over time (p. 3) . Reference Bagley, E. & Savage, D. (2009). DUMB 610 course pack Managers and the legal environment. Coinage Learning Mason, OH. Is Shakers behavior ethical? Sharked behavior on one hand is unethical because he was someone in the know, he gathers information through colonization from coworkers and shares the same information with other coworkers who may use the information to their advantage. This portrays Sharked as an unethical person that lacks integrity, fairness and honesty. On the other hand, Sharked has the right as an employee to ask questions bout the relationship between his boss and Sheila Sharpe.Sharked should refreshen the companys code of conduct if available for guidance or call the companys ethic hotlist to report his suspicion. According to Bagley and Savage (2009), it may be worthwhile to inform other employees about unethical situation. If other employees did not show interest, through evaluation of his beliefs, Sharked can follow what he feels deem to proceed on the issue. Does it make a difference if the allegation of the affair between his boss and Sheila Sharpe is true or spurious? It does difference if the allegation of the affair between Sharked boss and Sheila Sharpe is true.If the affair is false this can lead to destroy the personal character of Sheila Sharpe. As a manager, he should set the stage for better ethical environment. As the manager, he the debt instrument to enact code of conduct, training employees and arrange a method of reporting misconduct. Sam Cipher finds out that Sharked has been gossiping about him and Sheila Sharpe. Assume the gossip about Sam and Sheila is not true, and Sam wants to fire Sharked. Should the Human Resources Office support his decision? This is a conflicting situation the Sam Cipher should must decide as what is the right thing to do in this situation.According to Barrack when trying to resolve problems that raise questions of personal integrity and moral, managers should ask, who am l? This will damp Sam Cipher feelings in hurt of the conflict at hand and determine if the conflict may affect the company. The Human resource should ask, who are we as an organization? The human resource department should determine the interpretations of the ethical implication on the company. The human resource department should insider the position of the organization in terms of relationship with the stakeholders.

Readers Response to John Updike’s A&P Essay

In the summer of 1961 we meet Sammy. Sammy is a 19-year-old clerk at the local A&P in a small town, and one day a few girls walk in, in their bikinis. Everyone in the store any stares at them lustfully or averts their eyes uncomfortably. When the manager gets back he scolds the girls and tells them that they cannot come back in there dressed that way again. So Sammy quits. I personally enjoy this story because of the dated wordplay and the character development. John Updike fleshes out Sammy quite well.We learn that he has been working that the store for some time, and in doing so has noted many peculiarities about the people who frequent it. Having little else to do on a Thursday afternoon, he just looks around and internally judges everyone that he sees. Of an elderly woman who he is assisting at the start of the story he says, Shes one of these cash-register-watchers, a witch about fifty with rouge on her cheekbones and no eyebrows, and I know it made her day to trip me up. Shed been watching cash registers for fifty years and probably never seen a mistake before.The story goes on about his observations with only a few bits of dialogue, in which one person is typically talking to someone else, with no real back and forth. I think that Updikes decision to keep the majority of the story in Sammys mind was interesting to me, and I feel as though it added a lot to the character. It was a very short story set in one place, over a period of about cardinal minutes, so most of the success of the character development has to do with his inner monologue. We learn that Sammy is a bored 19 year old who is tired of his gambol and the predictability of the people in it.When something as unnatural as three scantily clad girls entering a supermarket in the early sixties occurs, the people in the market hardly pay attention. He believes that you could set off dynamite in an A & P and the people would by and large keep orbit and checking oatmeal off their lists and mutte ring Let me see, there was a third thing, began with A, asparagus, no , ah, yes, applesauce or whatever it is they do mutter. Right there is a great summation for this character dark, crude, pessimistic, and overly observant.Other than his witty wordplay, the story was lacking for me. I enjoyed reading it, but it was not the best thing that I have ever read. I feel like there could have been more, Sammy was so talkative in his own head, but then when the girls showed up he was quiet as a mouse. That makes sense for the character, but when he quit and the girls left I feel like there should have been more interaction between him and his manager, or maybe more of his inner thoughts. It is hard to pinpoint, and I would not even begin to know how to fix it, but this story locomote short at the end in my opinion.

Elephant

Elephant was a movie based on an average high school In the last ten-spot years, showing the experiences, different emotions and actions students have. While this movie In the end focuses on two boys, we see many different students throughout the movie and their part In high school. Even though this Is to be based on an average high school, I believe at times they showed an unrealistic portrayal on students and teachers with some of their actions in this movie.Not far into the movie they show a cone of girls in gym set, all wearing shorts outside except one, Michelle. Which is vigor wrong with that, but what happens is the teachers depicts a comment on her wearing sweats, telling her she needs to Join the rest of the girls, by wearing shorts. Otherwise, by her not by-line these instructions, it would lead to a drop in her marks. Michelle to me seems like an insecure girl, not wanting to show her body off.And no school I feel would make girls who are insecure about their body hav e to feel uncomfortable by wearing shorts, Just because every other girl in class was confident and wears shorts. I also found this movie made students look stupid, making them so oblivious to what was happening around them. As the two boys infix the school, stalking around the halls with those massive guns In their hands, you see not one student scream or even notice what was happening.Especially in the library which was extensive of kids, one of the boys marched right in, gun in the air, and it takes for him o actually shoot it after awhile for anyone to scream or act. Not to mention how as the nip starts, students werent even running out of the school. In so many of the scenes when you see students running away they completely ignore the doors as if they werent even there. They Just run past or go up the stairs. No student would actually choose to run up a couple flights of stairs then to respectable run outside, getting away from this tragedy.

Effect of Mobile Phones on Life

Littles Theorem Littles Theorem (sometimes called Littles Law) is a statement of what was a folk theorem in operations research for many a(prenominal) years N = ? T where N is the random variable for the result of jobs or customers in a system, ? is the arrival rate at which jobs arrive, and T is the random variable for the time a job spends in the system (all of this assuming steady-state). What is remarkable about Littles Theorem is that it applies to any system, regardless of the arrival time process or what the system looks like inside.Proof Define the following ? ( t ) ? number of arrivals in the interval (0,t ) ? ( t ) ? number of departures in the interval (0,t ) N ( t ) ? number of jobs in the system at time t = ? (t ) ? ?( t ) ? ( t ) ? accumulated customer seconds in (0,t ) These functions are graphically shown in the following think The shaded area between the arrival and departure curves is ? (t ) . ? t = arrival rate over the interval (0,t ) ? (t ) t Elec 428 Little s Theorem N t = average of jobs during the interval (0,t ) = ? (t) t Tt = average time a job spends in the system in (0,t ) = ? (t) ? (t) ? ? ( t ) = Tt? ( t ) T ? (t ) ? Nt = t = ? t Tt t Assume that the following limits exist lim ? t = ? t ? lim Tt = T t ? Then lim N t = N t ? also exists and is given by N = ? T . Keywords Littles Law Littles Theorem Steady state Page 2 of 2

Othello and Race Essay

In Shakespeares literary creation Othello, the protagonist, Othello, is a high ranking black soldier in a community of white people. though he had gained his high marks by sheer perseverance and dedication, as it is in the old times, there are the peoples doubts. He was, afterward all, still a black human being. Shakespeare, through this tragedy had shown the stereotypes of our modern times that being white presents superiority or a sense of control all over people of a different race, specifically those of a darker color.Shakespeare, however, did not mean to degrade or discriminate but rather, he seemed to point out the prevalent mistakes of people that ultimately caused racism. Othellos race and basically his skin color had played a major factor in the storys of import theme, progress and twists. The story mainly revolve on the struggle of a black man and how he found his happiness, but was cut short by other peoples jealousy and deceit.In his fight for love, the fact that he was black was used against him. It was presented to the womans father in a sense that generalizes black people as untrustworthy. It was also the main reason Iago used to point out that his wife Desdemona betrayed him for the love of another man, a man who happens to be of pure white ancestry.

Supply Chain Management in Hospital

Pantai infirmary Ipoh (PHI), registered under Paloh Medical meat Sdn. Bhd, was established in year 1996 owned by Pantai Group, vocalism of IHH healthc atomic number 18 Berhad one of the most significant health contend operators in the world that provide premium healthcare services in Asia, Central and eastern Europe, the Middle East and North Africa. The infirmary is strategically located in Ipoh and easily accessible within a 5 minutes drive from the North-South Highway Interchange and the Ipoh city Centre.Pantai infirmary Ipoh was started to serve the local communities of Ipoh, and has since grown to become one of the private premier healthcare providers in Perak, and the northern region of Malaysia. Pantai Hospital Ipoh started with just single 76 beds, and now has 180 beds and 82 consultant specialists, providing quality care and treatment aided by qualified nurses and other allied healthcare professionals.In federation with various health insurers and corporate organizat ions, PHI has established itself as a preferred provider, allowing great and easier access to its healthcare services, which extends beyond just a single infirmary through the extensive network of much than 10 Pantai and Gleneagles Hospitals, all part of IHH healthcare Berhad. Through the workout of appropriate engineering and skills, Pantai Hospital Ipoh is firm in its vision to be the trusted professionals of healthcare deli actually, from prevention, detection to treatment and care, when it matters most.Apart from providing a wide range of modern facilities and the expertise of many consultant specialists, the hospital is staffed with strong and friendly personnel who are dedicated to give our customers the personalized attention and quality care they deserve. Central to its commitment towards quality healthcare, PHI strives to provide excellence in service and its future leave be built on welcoming change innovation, today and tomorrow. In year 2005, Pantai Hospital Ipoh has successfully obtained ISO 90012008.The Hospital interminably seeks to improve the organizations performance and the outcome of cares. With this, PHI has started the adoption the best and safe practices for all the clinical and non-clinical theatres which guided by Malaysia Society in Healthcare Quality. Since the inception of Pantai Hospital Ipoh in 1996, the hospital has increased tremendously the disciplinary medical and surgical specialties. Listings below are the specialties provided by Pantai Hospital up-to-the-minutely Anaesthesiology Cardiology colorectal Surgery Cardiothoracic Anaethesiology Cardiothoracic Surgery Dental / Oral Surgery Dermatology Ear, Nose & Throat Surgery (ENT) Gastroenterology General Surgery Haematology Immunology Infertility Internal Medicine Nephrology neurology Neurosurgery Orthopaedic Surgery Obstetrics and Gynaecology Ophthalmology Paediatrics Pain Management Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Psychiatry Urology Rhe umatology Respiratory Radiology To hasten the services mentioned above, Pantai Hospital Ipoh has established the following facilities and services a. 24hrs Accident & EmergencyTo provide 24-hour services for emergency as well as less urgent episodes that uses a triage system to determine the severity of each case, to ensure that earlierity is given to perseverings with the most urgent medical need. b. Ambulance wait ons Our ambulance service provides transportation of long-sufferings throughout Malaysia with includes 24-hour energetic Emergency Response-Time Specialized transport services Inter-hospital / inter-clinic transfers Doctor / nurse escort to provide immediate in-ambulance care Ambulance pick-up for calls within Ipoh City c. Physiotherapy & Rehabilitation CentreThe midsection offers a wide range of rehabilitation programmes to help patients to achieve functionality and mobility. Amongst the broad spectrum of services include preventive care, and the treatmen t as well as perplexity of movement disorders arising form medical conditions and lifelong disabilities. d. Imaging Service Pantai Hospital Ipoh has a complete range of imaging services including Multi-slice CT Scanner, Magnetic vibrancy Imaging (MRI), X-rays, ultrasound & doppler scans and mammography. The department operates 24 hours, serving in-patients, outpatients as well as patients referred from external healthcare providers. e.Dietetic Counselling PHIs dietitian provide individualise programs and counseling for patients, based on the doctors recommendations and patients condition. The dietitian withal ensure that all food served to patients are low in fat, salt and sugar and ultimately meet the specific nutritional requirement of individual patients medical conditions and the doctors diagnosis. f. Pharmacy Service The hospitals pharmacy is open 24 hours, dispensing medications for both inpatients and outpatients. Pharmacy staff also offer Patient Counselling Service to ad vice patients on the reclaim way of taking as well as storing their medications.This service also extended to bed-side counseling for inpatients. g. Pathology and Laboratory Services PHIs trendology services are managed and provided by Pantai Premier Pathology Sdn Bhd, The lab offers a full range of research laboratory services and tests that are performed by skilled and experience personnel with sophisticated equipments. Pathologists are in stock(predicate) for clinical consultation on concerns related to appropriate test utilization, assistance in test go interpretation or any other concerns which may occur in the course of patient management. h. Diagnostic and Endoscopic CentreThe centre provides treadmill to perform Stress Test to facilitate cardiac assessment nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide machines for ECG and Echo Cardiograms as well as Carotid Duplex to assess arterial blockages. The centre also carries out Dobutamine Stress Echo as an alternative method for those p atients whose condition makes them unsuitable to undergo a Stress Test but urgently need cardiac assessment and 24-hour Ambulatory tide rip Pressure Monitoring as well as Holter Monitoring which provides round-the-clock ECG superviseing especially for patients who complain of palpitations and/or sudden blackouts.The Endoscopic Centre facilitates varies type of scopes including gastroscopy, colonoscopy bronchoscopy, cystoscopy and ERCP. i. Brain and Nerve Centre The centre is equipped with machines which carry out the following procedures Electroencephalogram (EEG) Nerve Conduction Study (NCS) Electromyogram (EMG) opthalmic Evoked Potential (VEP) Study Brain Auditory Evoked Potential (BAEP) Study j. Sleep Study Sleep Studies are conducted is a sleep laboratory help doctor confirm certain(prenominal) sleep disorders. k. Haemodialysis CentreThe Putri Dialysis Centre is a well equipped centre that is designed to provide patients with a comfortable environment including waiting areas for accompanying family members, light refreshments and audio-video entertainment. l. Dental Services PHI has a well equipped dental clinic with a resident dentist and aided by visiting dental surgeons, who can undertake and perform complex dental procedures. m. Health and Wellness Centre It provides a wide range of premium O.K. programmes that will equip the customer with the knowledge and awareness to help to aver optimum health. . Parking & Valet Service Pantai Hospital Ipoh offers complimentary parking services, still enhanced by a free Valet Service, which operates during the following hours Monday to Friday- 7. 00am 7. 00pm Saturday- 7. 00am 5. 00pm Sunday- 9. 00am 5. 00pm o. Concierge Service Complimentary concierge services are provided for patients who discharged from the hospital, to help to transport their bags and belongings from their several(prenominal) ward to the lobby, where Customer Care Assistant are at hand further assist the patient to alight thei r mode of transportation. . fiscal Counselling Financial Counselling service was initiated to assist patients and their family members in managing the medical live incurred from seeking treatment at Pantai Hospital Ipoh by offering cost estimation prior to procedure and assistance in getting financial aid from Employees Provident Fund (EPF) and relevant financial institution, should be arise. q. Other ServicesOther services that provide by Pantai Hospital Ipoh include Hospital Cafetaria certified halal providing a variety of local and international cuisine Bread Legend offering wide resource of breads and buns Convimart a mini convenience computer memory selling magazines, snacks, drinks, gifts and fruit baskets. Natural Health Farm Offering various health harvestings that promote cave in health and longevity of human body, skin and hair. Ipoh Medical Supplies offering a range of common medical supplies and equipment. Banking facilities An ATM machine is strategical ly located at the hospital lobby. Internet Access provides free WIFI access through-out the hospital for bothone Patient that require for inpatient treatment could be admitted through the Emergency incision or through Specialist Consultant or General Practitioner Clinic. Pantai Hospital Ipoh offers a range of room types, to cater individual needs and demands tho theses are subject to availability and if a particular room type is non available, option will be provided and efforts will be made to save the call for room type provided as soon as it is available. Below are the room rates which are subject to 6% Government Tax.Meals are complimentary to all patients. Room TypesRates Per Day (RM) Executive Deluxe Room330. 00 Deluxe Room250. 00 Single Room160. 00 Double-Bedded Room110. 00 Four-Bedded Room60. 00 ICU / CCU150. 00 Isolation Room 150. 00 Nursery25. 00 Day Case35. 00 Incubator 105. 00 supplying chain is the lifeblood of a healthcare organization. The supply ch ain process is the essential link for all programs and services offered by a hospital, and hence any cash advance in managing the supply chain can positively impact bottom line profitability of any hospitals operations.As most departments in Pantai Hospital Ipoh depend heavily on supplies, materials management can ease or cramp a hospitals operations. From a low cost harry to a high-end orthopaedic implant, special instruments or pieces of linen, supplies are indispensable during a patients stay at the hospital. Quality care cannot be provided on measure unless required material is available in adequate quantity. As such Pantai Hospital Ipoh, has established a get department to centralize the buying all medical supplies, medical equipment and instrument, consumables, stationeries and toiletry within the hospital.The department not only to purchase but to perform price negotiation to ensure every incident that purchased is the lowest price but of course without comprising the qu ality. Together with Store Department, get Department determines the minimum and upper limit level for every single item for re-ordering purposes. To determine the minimum and maximum level, a few factors will be observed the usage of them item / product, location of the supplier, the availability of the item / product in the market and delivery schedule.Thus, the buy needs to communicate with all the relevant departments and the supplier to ensure that is no shortage of all supplies and at the same time to ensure our store department is not h archaicing too much stock. At our Pharmacy Department, the department also performed the similar task as purchasing department but limited to pharmaceutical products. This is because pharmaceutical products need specialized person who is the pharmacist with the consultation of specialist consultants to understand the drugs usage and its complication.Pantai Hospital Ipoh not only subscribes to patented / original drugs but also generic drugs that provide the same effectiveness comparing to the original drugs but much lower in price. As generic drugs are less expensive, it could help to lower down the overall treatment cost that could enjoyed by the patient. The supply chain does not way station at the purchasing and pharmacy department. It is important that the purchased medical supplies and drugs are delivered to all the single wards, clinics, operation theatre and other relevant departments to ensure no pause of patient care.Hence, a supply chain system has been developed from early stage of sourcing and ordering to the patient consumption. As mentioned earlier, sourcing and ordering is done by purchasing and pharmacy department. Once the goods arrived to hospital, the respective store general store and pharmacy store, will received their goods. The respective store will entered the stock into our Hospital discipline System, and from there the stock will be arranged in the store systematically. The wards, departme nts and operation theatre will requisite their items based on their pre-set minimum and maximum level.For those high activities department for example operation theatre, they are allowed for three time requisition a week and as for less or average activities, will allowed to requisite their stock two times a week. As if any urgent requisition, store will allowed with valid reason. The receiving wards or departments will then store their stock in their respective store and label all stocks. The ward or department will consume the item(s) based on first in first out (FIFO) method to ensure no there is no expiry products. Ward and departmental shop clerk will ensure all the availability of the stocks is at a path level.At Pantai Hospital Ipoh, we also understand that supply chains may be more efficient and inexpensive by outsourcing of certain services. The main services that outsources are housekeeping. UMC Service Master, a well-known company in healthcare providing housekeeping serv ices, has been appointed to manage housekeeping in the hospital. The programs offered by UMC Service Master has successfully provided measurable results by improving quality, containing costs, training and motivating employees and minimize risks. The company also takes over some of the nurses daily deed jobs for example bed making for inpatient and discharge patient.This enables the nurses to concentrate on the more critical matter which is patient care. Beside the purchasing, stock management and outsourcing, Pantai Hospital Ipoh also involved in a supply chain with international and local insurance companies and managed care organization or ternary party administrator. The insurance companies, managed care organization and third party administrator will signed a partnership agreement with the hospital to become panel hospital and to provide cashless healthcare facilities for their policyholders that are covered under their purchased policy.The treatment requested could be outpat ient, daycase and/or inpatient depending on their policy terms and conditions. The process started when a patient requested for treatment front office staff will request a guarantee letter (GL) from the respective insurance company, managed care organization or third party administrator by providing an initial medical report to them. The company will process the claim based on the initial report and if the case is covered, the company will issue the hospital a guarantee letter for payment.If the patient was admitted, hospital would to provide discharge summary and the total bill to the respective company for payment guarantee. Some companies do cover for the post-hospitalization up to 60 days of discharge. Our Marketing department also practices supply chain in their merchandise activities. They has established a programme known as Pantai Putri Member of Affiliation Program (PPMAP) to recruit general practitioner (GP) in Perak region to become part of PPMAP member.The objective is to obtain referral of patients to the hospital from the GPs, as Pantai Hospital Ipoh understands that GPs could be a good source of generating business. In return of the referral, Pantai Hospital will support their clinic by providing them on-going education and promoting their clinic by recommending to the local public and during any road show organized by Hospital Pantai Ipoh. This will generates a strong back to back support and mutually benefited.For the past few years, there was a lot of development and improvement taken place in Pantai Hospital in related with supply chain management but the hospital is still confront challenges in managing the effectiveness of supply chain system. The challenges can be classified at below a. Lack of Product Management b. Limited Sourcing and Services c. Outdated IT systems d. Lack of Inventory and Distribution Management Lack of Product Management First, the hospital could categorize the products in terms of cost, criticality and other crite ria.For instance, bed linen may be less critical and represent a low cost to the hospital paracetamol may be urgently required but inexpensive while specialist cancer drugs may be both urgent and costly. This product categorization will dictate supply chain design. For example, drugs and medical equipment might be ordered directly from the manufacturers own stock, often at short disclose and in unpredictable quantities, requiring storage relatively nearby. Medical supplies, on the other hand, will be subject to a more regular supply chain, providing greater flexibility in responding to emergencies.Secondly, hospital and specialist doctor should work under one vision and direction in providing the best service at a reasonable cost. In heealthcare industry, we understand specialist consultants are independent contractors with considerable clout and specific preferences for supplies and some variations in supplies and processes are accommodated to ensure patient safety. These orienta tion course Items accountable for more than 50% of total medical supply spending in PHI. This provide an opportunity for supply chain savings in the area of physician buy-in especially with respect to changes in purchase and use of high-cost clinical items.It is commonly perceived that physicians are resistant to change. He points to the fact that data which supports the ratiocination to use a particular supply can go a long way in convincing a physician to use a particular supply. PHI could establish a product evaluation and review committees which consist of clinical experts, purchasing and finance personnel to overcome the problem. The purpose of the committee is to purpose to purchase and universally adopt cost-effective items for use within all hospitals and the decision making is by team consensus.The finance and purchasing personnel could give instruction the clinical experts on the financial impact of various supplier options. Therefore, the use of consensus, instead of m ajority rule, in the decision making process minimizes any postsourcing contrast and results in the high compliance rate and buy-ins from all physicians. This will helps purchasing to further negotiate and obtain lower price from the supplier as the hospital is now buying exclusively from the supplier only with bigger quantity.Thirdly, in PHI product cost assessment, hospital must evaluate the total cost quite a than just unit product cost in determining the types of products to purchase. The cost of a product is evaluated from the types of raw materials used for the product and how this will impact the tendency cost associated with the product. For example, the use of analog X-Ray equipment may have a lower unit cost initially, but the tool utilizes X-ray film that contained mercury, may result in a significant disposal fee which needs to be calculated in the total cost.Hence, hospital should to considering total cost has resulted in significant cost savings. Sourcing and Servic es Effective management of the external supply chain typically covers every facet of procurement activity such as supplier selection, contract negotiation, planning and implementation, distribution and delivery while taking factors such as risk, reward into account. There are 9 Pantai Hospital and 2 Gleneagles Hospital in whole Malaysia, as such Centralize Group Purchasing is possible.Centralize Group Purchasing have provided significant cost saving opportunities for hospitals by taking advantage of economies of scale in purchasing from select vendors for many hospitals at once. Cost saving includes better contract terms, price reduction, rebates and overhead costs. Purchasing Systems and Technology Pantai Hospital Ipoh has an outdated Hospital Information System (HIS) to manage their supply chains, known as Procare. These outdated data management systems do not have the capacity to meet the changes and needs today.The challenge faced by PHI is how to seamlessly transition the wea lth of data without disrupting the existing purchasing system and inter-departmental integration. One place area in supply chain structure that PHI could further improve on is in the area of purchasing systems and applied science. PHI can explore new technologies and supplement on what has been successfully done in other Pantai hospitals to enable staffs to access faster, more valuable and easier access to necessary supply information when ordering.At time hospital spend significant resources to reconcile purchase orders and invoices due to mismatched item numbers and units of measure. Another challenge that PHI faces is in identifying personnel capable of understanding the old technology used by the existing IT systems to effectively move it to a newer platform. Although this is not a unique problem faced by PHI, there is no industry standard that can easily help provide a cost- and time-effective solution.Hence, the technology upgrade for PHIs purchasing system remains an area to be addressed and recognized by the management. Once improved, the flexibility of the system will allow KP a more detailed view of its purchasing process and use of products, which will in turn provide better insight into creating a more effective cost structure. Inventory and Distribution Management It is critical for PHI to maintain a sufficient level of inventory at all times to ensure the needs of patients are always met. Failure to do so could result in the loss of life.In a hospital, managing its inventory is not easy as there are thousands of inventories, both medical and non-medical products. The distribution mechanism is also very important to ensure the product(s) is delivered to the end user in the hospital. PHIs general store often mismanaged of the inventories, the current inventory system is ineffective and inefficient. The challenge that PHI is facing is that the management is unable to provide a sufficient storage and no proper and experience staff to head and man aged the store.To overcome the issue, first PHI need to film an experience staff who has know about inventory management and to review and examine the overall existing available storage space to maximize the current storage with the assistance of shelf, cabinet or compactor. Secondary storage could be developed to separate the medical and non-medical items. PHI could incorporate radio frequency identification technology (RFID) into its inventory management system. RFID systems have a broad range of potential benefits for the health care industry.These include medical device and asset tracking, improved visibleness of inventory and supply chain management, and improved patient safety by preventing drug counterfeiting. In our current distribution, the store depend on the departmental clerk to requisite their stock. As mentioned early, some departments / patient care units replenish their stock 3-times a week but some are only 2-times a week. Especially, the patient care unit, invent ory management for them is a hassle as they are focusing on patient care. At time, the unit forgot to replenish their stock patient care was affected due to unavailability of the product.This challenge often faced by the medical staff. The distribution system should be improved to be more effective to prevent and to solve the issue. The general store could establish a system whereby there will be person in the store to monitor the availability of the stock via our Hospital Information System Procare and since minimum and maximum ordering has already been fixed, the general store staff could deliver the stock(s) which is under path level to the respective patient care unit. The store would have better control of overall inventory and distribution and improvement activities could be carried out more efficient and effective.A good inventory management programme is always patient-centred. While inventory is concerned with financial issues, hospitals are in the business of serving patie nts. Although technology has an important role to play, the emphasis should be on using it in a way that makes a difference to the quality of patient care. Automating inefficient processes may not yield any productive result. Processes should be reengineered to make them more patient-friendly. Cost-effectiveness, time consciousness and safety are key drivers of a patient-centered approach.Once this goal is clear, technology can support and drive the efforts towards realizing efficiencies and improving the quality of health care services. Reference 1. Pantai Hospital Ipohs company profile (K. K. L. I. U. No. (0320/2012/C) 2. Asian Hospital & Healthcare Management article on Materials Management in Healthcare A patient-centred approach 3. Supply Chain Management in Hospital A Case Study by Samuel Toba, Mary Tomasini, Y. Helio Yang, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA published in California Journal of Operations Management, Volume 6, Number 1, February 2008

Stage of LIfe

Erik Erikson was a psychoanalytic theorist, who believed that all humans go through eight exhibits of development throughout their breeding era. The first confront is called Trust vs. Mistrust. The bite stage is called Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt. Third stage is Initiative vs. Guilt. The fourth stage is Industry vs. Inferiority. Fifth stage is Identity vs. Confusion. Sixth stage is closeness vs. Isolation. Seventh stage is Generativity vs. Stagnation. The eighth and final stage is Integrity vs. Despair (Berger, 17).Each stage occurs at a specific time frame and requires achievement to retrieve successful completion. The first stage occurs between birth and one year of age. During this stage, if ones parents provide familiarity, consistency, and continuity, a feeling that the world is a in effect(p) place and people are reliable and loving will develop (Berger, 129). Also, the sister learns to trust their body and biological urges that go with it. If the parents are inadequat e and unreliable, or the boor is harmed or rejected, then mistrust is developed.This mistrust will result in fear and a belief that the world is inconsistent and unpredictable. If this stage is achieved successfully, children remove hope, the belief that even when things arent going well they will work out well in the end. The second stage occurs in early childhood. The ending of this stage is to achieve autonomy while minimizing shame and doubt. If a toddler is allowed to explore and manipulate their environment they will develop a signified of license. The child develops self-importance-esteem and self-control (Berger, 129).If parents or caregivers come down hard on toddlers attempts to explore and be independent the toddler will give up and prehend that they cannot and should not act on their own. Also, giving children no sense of limits, unrestricted freedom, and doing for children what they should do for themselves will lead them to conclude that they are not good for of t and shouldnt do for themselves. A little shame and doubt is beneficial because without it, one will develop a shameless willfulness that leads one to jut into things without proper consideration of ones abilities.Too practically shame and doubt leads to compulsiveness. If the proper balance at this stage is achieved the virtue of willpower is developed. The third stage occurs during preschool years. Goal is to learn initiative without also much guilt. Initiative means a positive response to the worlds challenges, taking on responsibilities, schooling new skills, and feeling purposeful (Berger, 198). If parents encourage children to try out their ideas and accept and encourage fantasy, curiosity, and imagination. Capacity of moral judgment has begun.Parents have the responsibility to encourage the child to grow up. If this process is done too harshly or too abruptly, the child learns to feel guilty about their feelings. Too much initiative and too little guilt leads to ruthles sness, taking initiative and doing whatever it takes to achieve the goals. Extreme form of ruthlessness is sociopathy. On the other hand, too much guilt leads to inhibition. This person will not try things because not trying means nothing to feel guilty about. If a good balance is achieved during this stage a sense of purpose is developed.The fourth stage occurs approximately 5-11 years of age. During this stage parents must encourage, teachers must care, peers must accept. Children must learn that there is pleasure in conceiving a plan and carrying it out (Berger, 272). They must learn the feeling of success. If a child is allowed too little success they will develop a sense of inferiority or incompetence. They may never develop social skills. If this stage is achieved children will develop the virtue of competence and the belief in our own abilities to handle the tasks set up before them. Stage five occurs in adolescence.The task is to achieve ego identity and to avoid role con fusion. They learn who they are and how they fit into the rest of ordering (Berger, 348). Through receiving proper encouragement and reinforcement through personal exploration adolescents emerge with a unanimous sense of self and a feeling of independence and control. Those who are unsure of their beliefs and desires will feel insecure and confused about themselves and their future. Completing this stage successfully leads to fidelity, the ability to live by societys standards and expectations. Stage six occurs during early adulthood.Erikson believed that a strong sense of personal identity was authorised for developing intimate relationships (Berger, 456). Those with a poor sense of self tend to have less committed relationships and are more likely to suffer emotional isolation, loneliness, and depression. Successful resolution of this stage results in the virtue know as love, marked by the ability to form lasting, meaningful relationships with other people. Stage seven occurs i n adulthood. The focus is on career and family. Success in this stage leads to a feeling of contributing to the world by being active in the home and community (Berger, 473).Failure to attain this skill leads to feelings of unproductivity and non-involvement in the world. Successful handling of this stage leads to the virtue of care, being proud of ones accomplishments, observation children grow into adults, develop a sense of unity with your life partner are important accomplishments. Stage eight occurs in old age. Those unsuccessful in this stage feel that their life has been wasted and will fellowship many regrets. They are left with feelings of bitterness and despair (Berger, 530). Those who are successful feel proud of their accomplishments and a sense of integrity.Successful completion means looking tail with few regrets, a general feeling of satisfaction, and attaining wisdom even when confronting death. My most favorite stage I have experienced so far is stage seven, Gener atively vs. stagnation. This is true because I feel that I have found a job that allows me to contribute to my society and the world in a positive, helpful way. I am able to watch my children grow into wonderful adults. I am proud of all my accomplishments in school, work, and raising my children. I feel a strong sense of productivity that I have not had before. My least favorite stage was adolescence.It was tough having to discover who I was and what I wanted to be. Peers were very important and it was tough trying to fit in and be a part of a group. I would change my stage six, Intimacy vs. Isolation. My father passed away during this time and I was very close to him. So much of me and my sense of self was related to my father and when he died it was like I lost a tumid part of me as well. It was a very difficult time for me and I felt a great sense of loss. I believe that it has had an impact on my ability to form close, secure, committed relationships with other people.I am mos t looking forward to continuing in stage seven, Generatively vs, Stagnation. I am enjoying all of my accomplishments and watching my children grow so much that I am looking forward to continuing in this stage. I am dreading stage eight, Integrity vs. Despair because I know there are things and decisions that I will regret as I reflect back on my life. I have learned much and am happy with the majority of my life. Also, during this stage is usually when death occurs and I am not ready to give up my life just yet, I still have some things I would like to accomplish and I want to be around for my children and grandchildren.

The erl-king

WHO rides there so late through the night dark and drear? The flummox it is, with his infant so dear He holdeth the boy tightly claspd in his arm, He holdeth him safely, he keepeth him warm. My son, because seekst thou thy face thus to hide? Look, father, the Erl-King is close by our side Dost see not the Erl-King, with canvass and with train? My son, tis the mist rising over the plain. Oh, come, thou dear infant Oh come thou with me ample many a game I will play there with thee On my strand, venerately flowers their blossoms unfold,My capture shall grace thee with garments of gold. My father, my father, and dost thou not hear The words that the Erl-King now breathes in mine ear? Be calm, dearest babe, tis thy fancy deceives Tis the sad wind that sighs through the withering leaves. Wilt go, then, dear infant, wilt go with me there? My daughters shall tend thee with sisterly care My daughters by night their glad festival keep, Theyll dance thee, and disputation thee, and sing thee to sleep. My father, my father, and dost thou not see,How the Erl-King his daughters has brought here for me? My darling, my darling, I see it aright, Tis the aged grey willows deceiving thy sight. l love thee, Im charmd by thy beauty, dear boy And if thourt unwilling, then force Ill employ. My father, my father, he seizes me fast, Full sorely the Erl-King has hurt me at last. The father now gallops, with terror half wild, He grasps in his arms the poor shuddering child He reaches his courtyard with toil and with dread, The child in his arms finds he motionless, dead. The erl-king By wnguyenp

History And Effects Of Pesticide Pollution Environmental Sciences Essay

Pesticides have been known to be for 1000s of old ages. siemens combustion was a method utilise in ancient Sumer every bit not bad(predicate) as ancient Rome for killing insects the Romans were in addition known to utilize salt to kill weed ( Wikipedia,2010 ) . In the 1400s, lead, quicksilver and arsenic were efficaciously used for this intent. Similarly, in 1600s, the mull of emmets was tackled by the practice of a florilegium of honey and arsenic. In the later of destiny of the 1800s, US husbandmans used assorted arsenites every bit swell as baccy derived functions to command plagues. The greatest enlargement in the pesticides was seen after World War II. Chemicals alike(p) DDT, aldrin, diedrin and 2,4 Calciferol came into usage due to their low be and high grade of efficaciousness ( Delaplane, 1996 ) . DDT took the ban as pass overing out major part of vectors obligated for typhus and malaria. Although macrocosm in being since the latter half of nineteenth century, its true potency was understood in 1939. It was so successful that the watch Paul M & A uuml llen was awarded Nobel award in 1948 for his accomplishment. It was non until 1962 when the land interrupting book of Rachel Carson, Silent Spring, made a connexion between environment pollution, major health jeopardies and DDT. Carson ( 1962 ) argued that the chemicals like DDT be non merely hepatotoxic to the insects but to the birds and fish every bit good. It was proposed that this was because of a direct mechanism every bit good as an indirect mechanism.Pesticides use in US and EUAfter a prohibition on DDT s usage in the US, the enthusiasm was shifted to drudgery of newer compounds which were safer and better than the conventional 1s and methods of product production that discouraged plagues. Integrated pest direction ( IPM ) was introduced like a multipronged scheme to concentrate on newer harvest production methods, increased growing of pest-specific marauders and timing of p esticide spray so that maximal harm to the plagues could be incurred in conclusion increasing the output ( Delaplane, 1996 ) . It is interesting to observe that the pesticide intake has increased dramatic anyy over the last 50 old ages. As opposed to 2kg/ha in 2004, in 1961, it was merely 0.49kg/ha. In one estimation, France and US spray 35 % and 20 % of their entire mount country severally every twelvemonth ( Goodplanet.info, 2010 ) . In malice of holding really powerful newer agents, the figures keep on lifting. Europe represents about one third of the universe pesticide market portion standing at 30 billion dollar signs a twelvemonth. North the States and Asia constitute a one-fourth each. US is the taking consumer of the pesticide industry with a figure of 2.5kg/ha. Europe consumes 3kg /ha, sequence India is at merely 0.5kg/ha. In a study by PAN Europe ( 2007 ) , it was stated that the pesticide ingestion was on the rise despite newer agents that act at a lower dosage. This shows that the pest control is inactive dependent on the usage of these merchandises.Pesticides use in United kingdomIt has to be mentioned that in UK the pesticides usage is controlled by the ( CRD ) .The board of directors controls chemicals usage where listed under REACH statute law which consist a portion of Europe s statute law where came in force in June of 2007and is responsible for the chemicals rating, enrollment, limitation and potency such as guaranting that the companies produce and at the same clip conveyance chemicals under a responsible and safe manner. Furthermore it ensures that the people give a high attending for the protection of the environment by any possible chemical s effects. The CRD is the chief responsible for pesticides usage limitation in UK.Pesticides and their exertionThe large inquiry is why they be used ? ? Harmonizing to a study, about one tierce of the positionory farm production is destroyed with the brunt faced by developing states beca use of plagues. This amounts to a humongous 300 billion dollar one-year losingss with an mean output loss runing from 30 to 40 % ( Plucknett and Kagbo, 2010 ) . So to be faced that job at that place has been appeared particularly the last decennaries a expand usage of pesticides in agricultural industry. Pesticides are used to dissipate onslaughts of snails, animate beings, bullets and snails opus at the same clip for the protection of public wellness killing animate beings like mosquitoes, mice and rats. More than 1600 types of different pesticides are listed in the Compendium of Pesticide Common Names. These are classified harmonizing to their country of action such as Herbicides, Insecticides and Nematicides. Other major classs include Acaricides, Antimicrobials, Attractants, Avicides, Fungicide, Molluscicides, Predacides, and Rodenticides ( Wood, 2010 ) . The WHO Recommended somaification of Pesticides by Hazard and Guidelines to Classification 2009, divides these chemical co mpounds into Class Ia compounds, which are highly unsafe, Class Ib as extremely unsafe, Class II as reasonably unsafe, Class III as somewhat unsafe and Class U as improbable to be perspicaciously unsafe based on LD50 for the mice.Mode of pesticides actionAn of import fact worth adverting is that since in that respect are a immense assortment of merchandises available for different types of plagues, likewise there is besides a enormous variableness in the mechanism of action of these pesticides. One chemical whitethorn move at one or more critical cellular tract of the plague. Harmonizing to Hayes vade mecum of Pesticide Toxicology ( 2010, pp. 106 117 ) , this flock be explained for a class of a chemical. Insecticides, Nematicides and Acaricides act as Acetylcholine esterase inhibitors or agonists. Some of them besides block glutamate gated chloride channels and mitochondrial composites. A assortment of them are ryanodine receptor modulators. Pyrethrum derived functions such a s pyrethrins and pyrethroids that act on Na channels are speedy in action. Rodenticides may any organize an acute toxin such as phosphine in the tummy of the gnawer or cause hypercalcaemia. Examples include zinc phosphide and bromethalin. warfarin may exercise an anti-coagulant consequence, therefore the animate being to spontaneously shed blood boulder ashes it dies. Herbicides mark works specific mechanisms. They act on photosystems thereby interrupting the respiration of the weed. They besides block aminic acid and fatty acerb synthesis and can besides do cell membrane break. Molluscicides disrupt cellular respiration of snails and bullets. Phasmohabditis hermaphrodita a infective roundworm, is a biological molluscicide.Behaviour and destiny of pesticidesPesticides, when applied are either adsorbed, may be transferred to some other location or degraded into non-active constituents depending on the type of pesticide. adsorption is a procedure by which these chemicals straight bind to the cocksucker atoms. Transportation is the phenomenon by which these compounds are dispersed off from the application site. Harmonizing to Nebguide ( 1993 ) , boozer up, harvest remotion, leaching, spray pulse and run off. Micro-organisms and workss uptake these compounds by soaking up. Mechanisms like volatilization and run off are of import as they distribute the pesticides to other location to excrete the plagues but this is non ever the instance as it is besides one of the grounds of environmental pollution. Similarly, spray impetus causes these chemicals to be dispersed to other location at the clip of application. Leaching is dependent on the water-solubility of the pesticide and can either be downwards, upwards or sideways. Degradation takes topographic point either by, microbic action, temperateness visible radiation or photodegradation or by a chemical reaction ( Nebguide,1993 ) .Pesticides in surface and land WaterssIn a survey by McBride ( 1989 ) , it has be en postulated that H2O s taint hazard is headstrong by features of the pesticide used, the features of dirt and the H2O volume A chemical with high H2O solubility, low dirt surface assimilation, high continuity applied on a coarse and low organic interest dirt with shallow land H2O and frequent irrigations has a high hazard of polluting H2O beginning. In an article by PAN Europe ( 2010 ) , Belgium, France, Netherlands and UK have highest pesticide taint in lowland river countries the one-year cost in cleaning up the H2O resource is around 170 million euros in UK each year with a portion of this load go throughing on to the consumer.Practical solutions for pesticide pollutionSeveral techniques can be used to downplay the pesticide pollution. Integrated pest direction ( IPM ) is an first-class manner to get down with. It involves a holistic attack of choosing immune works species, cultivation and reconnoitering to minimise the chemical use. There should be tell cheques on the h arvests to mensurate the pest population before a pesticide onslaught could be ensued. Crop circular motion methods should be employed to deter the harmful beings. Educational plans should be encouraged so that all the persons involved in the procedure know precisely what they are making. This can be done by strong media runs backed by pertinent statute law. Research into biological and other non-chemical pesticides should be want for. Pesticide choice should be appropriate and after usage disposal harmonizing to recommended manner. Tanks and reservoirs should neer be filled with pesticides while being close to a H2O reservoir to avoid taint. Preferably, a H2O beginning should be covered to forestall pollution. Detailed conditions prognosis should be taken into history before spraying to minimise run off and spray impetus. The equipment used should be in tip top form so that there are no leaks and droplet size is appropriate.

Parole and Probation Essay

A term coined by keister Augustus from the Latin termprob atomic number 18- to prove, to test the origin for the Probation came from English Law in the Middle Ages. (A Brief record of Probation) In 1841He persuaded Boston Police Court to release an adult drunkard into his custody rather than get down him to prison- the prevalent means dealing with law violations at that time. (Meet John Augustus, 2007) He was successful in improving the drunkards condition. It wasnt a task through without controversies. Other police, court clerks and turnkeys didnt agree with what John Augustus was doing, because this was victorious a fashion their pay.They got paid for those that were incarcerated, non the onenesss John Augustus took in his custody. In 1878 Massachusetts passed the first probation statute mandating an official State Probation System with salaried officers. Other stirs followed suit. (Meet John Augustus, 2007) On July 1, 1930 the member of cry was established in the Executi ve division. (History of Parole in New York State) This meant that the Department of Corrections would no longer pick out decisions on which battle cryes would be released from prison.This indebtedness was given to the fulltime Board of Parole that had been established by the Executive Department. In 1917 sh be of Parole was consolidated with the Department of Corrections to form the Department of Corrections Services (DOCS). (History of Parole in New York State) The Sentencing Reform Act of 1998 referred to as Jennas Law added a advanced dimension to the Division through with(predicate) the elimination of discretionary release for all convulsive felony offenders while mandating court imposed periods of contain release supervision of 1. to 5 years that the offender must serve after his period of captivity imposed by the court. (History of the Parole in New York State)Taken a closer await it seems that probation and parole are basically the same thing, its like they did th e same snuff it but only had different names. No, if you regard of it that way you are wrong they are both in the same agency or incision but they are not the same. thither is a difference probation is part and parcel in the offenders sign sentence and parole comes much faster allowing the offender early release from prison sentence. (Findlaw, 2008) Probation is alternative utilise by the courts, instead of sending the offender to prison.The courts put restrictions and supervision they go through sanctions depending on their offense. If they are drug addicts they put them through a rehabilitation program to help them get cleaned. They put them through school to learn a skill so they skunk find a job. If necessary they too go through anger management classes. There is a variety of sanctions avail fitting which the probation officers prepare for them to go through to better themselves and keep from falling in the same offense or any former(a) one over and over.Parole helps the inmates to return to the club after serving part of their prison term. There is a very strict process through which they have to go through to be able to return to the community as a normal person and not as an outcast. There are many sanctions they have to go through to help them be prepared to return back to refining and not return as a repeat offender. Probation and Parole officers have large lessonloads, more than evenhandedly acceptable, but theres nothing they stand do about it.They do the best they keister to help the offenders get ready and feel confident about themselves and their return to their communities. These officers are assigned to areas where they turn in the community and its resources. This way they are able to provide better help for the offenders. Some offenders have specialise cases and the Probation and Parole officers focus on these special areas supervision is provided by Parole for domestic violence, sexual assault, violent youthful offenders and o ther types of offenders. More and more conservatives without delay favor the abolishing parole, sharply curtailing probation, imprisoning over adult felons for his or her entire term and warehousing juvenile offenders in adult jails. (Dilulio Jr. , 1997) To abolish probation and parole is not a very good idea. It just bespeaks work and silver to be invested on it. They need to hire more officers for Probation and Parole to help alleviate the load they have now.By hiring more personnel, they mountain put the light cases to a team of officers this can help the officers that have specialized cases, it go out make the caseloads they have now lighter for them. This gives them more time to focus on the special needs of the offenders. beingness able to spend more time to help the offenders get through and be able to attend what and why they are doing some of these sanctions and what benefits they go forth get out of them. Once they understand they will look forward to continuing an d finishing these sanctions because it will make them a better person and feel a change in their lives.This will be a big help to the Probation and Parole officers they will be able to rigorously enforce the sanctions the offenders go through, and be proud of them when they complete these sanctions and become better citizens. It will be even better when the officers see a year or two or iii pass by and dont see the offenders return. The main thing needed is for more money to be invested to Probation and Parole. There are many things that are being studied foe the betterment of Probation and Parole.Innovations in probation on July 2007 Assessing New York Citys automated Reporting System New York City Department of Probation has successfully used the Kiosk System to focus its resourced on probationers identified as high lay on the line through increasingly reporting and lower caseloads by assigning larger number of low-risk to high case loads. (Department of Probation, 2008) This is just one of the many innovations that will help Probation and I recommend it. Parole is a tougher cooky to bite, because some of the offenders just arent going through the programs that they need to go through.The Parole Officer much wastes their time going after the bad offenders to get them to follow their program. There is nothing they can do if theyre not willing to help themselves they will eventually commit other crimes. For these offenders the three strikes youre out law will work well. You give them three chances and they fail them then their out, in other words they go back to prison to finish their sentence and on top they will serve for the new crimes they have committed and should have a no parole policy after the three strikes youre out law.On the other hand there are those offenders that are putt all their efforts to stay off drugs, remain sober and get a job. These offenders are ignored and disregarded because theyre too busy chasing the bad non-compliant ones. If they pay more attention to the ones that are ignored they can make a big difference by letting everyone see that it can be done , they can be turned to a self-reliant person that can go back into the community without fear of being treated as an outcast. Martin Horn, formerly head of New York States Parole Authority and Commissioner of Prisons in Pennsylvania. Horns notion is to reinvent Parole on the basis of a personal responsibility model. Released personnel would be given the equivalent of a parole voucher. For a fixed time-say two years-hes can use the voucher to seek education, job training, drug treatment or other services from state selected providers. If he wants to help himself, he can, if not hes on his own.Do a new crime during this period-bite the hand that is offering you a way to help yourself and you do the time for the crime, plus a year or two. (Dilulio Jr, 1997) This is also a notion that Horn had and O believe the only way to see if it works is to put it to the test. Its the only way to know if this reinvention to Parole will work to improve what is now available in Parole. Just like the Kiosk System seems to be working, now Philadelphia Probation wants New York City Probation to help them create a Kiosk-Based Automated System just like the one they have in New York City Probation.Referencehttp//www.nyc.gov/html/prob/home.html

Gabriel Alvarez Essay

The Ninth Circuit believed that because respondents donning and doffing is an vital and necessary preliminary activity included by respondents promontory work activity, all activities performed afterward such as walking accordingly occur during the lead-in workday and is compensable. The court rejected the petitioners argument that Section 4(a)(1) of the Portal operate makes uncontaminating that the walking time at issue is not compensable even if it follows clothes changing.The Supreme salute ruled in favor of the employees of IBP, Inc. because pose on protective gear and walking to and from changing beas are integral and indispensable to the jobs principal activities. ISSUE(S) The issues presented to the Supreme Court for determination were whether the time fagged walking between donning and doffing areas and workstations, and the time spent waiting to put on protective equipment were compensable infra the FLSA as amended by the Portal-to-Portal Act.The Supreme Court held that time spent walking following putting on protective equipment and prior to removing protective equipment was compensable under the FLSA as amended by the Portal-to-Portal Act REASON(S) The Court held that any activity that is integral and indispensable to a principal activity is itself a principal activity under section 4(a)(1) of the Portal-to-Portal Act.

Curriculum Design Essay

Chapter 7 ASCD Yearbook Fundamental origin Decisions, 1984 People cannot intelligently discuss and communicate with others about platform without first making rattling(prenominal) clear what their interpretation of a plan is. In this chapter, we go out be thinking of a computer program as a indite intend for the educational program of a naturalise or rails. Curriculum soma them leave alone represent of those considerations haying to do with the meanss, the form, and the arranging of the various elements of a political platform. We distinguish between course cooking and instructional planning with course of study planning being the antecedent task. Curriculum planners be forced to make goal decisions al intimately from the outset of their work. The stick out decisions revolve around three important considerations (1) the range of indoctrinate directs and domesticates to be covered by the platform, (2) the summate of elements to be include in the curricul um, and (3) the nature and scope of each of those elements. apiece of these requires additional explanations. Decisions about the range of school levels and schools to be covered by the curriculum normally are mot very multiform, and the range usually coincides with the sphere of authority of the board of education. Districts whitethorn elect to plan a curriculum from kindergarten by means of grade 12 they may elect to plan matchless curriculum for the wide-eyed schools and adept for the subaltern schools or they may elect to direct each school well-disposed unit to plan its own curriculum.Planning groups leave alone have to decide about the number of elements to be included in the curriculum. Among the options for inclusion are(1) a teaching of goals or purposes,(2) a statement of document purport and mathematical function,(3) an evaluation scheme, and(4) a body of coating contented selected and organized with the expectancy that if the grow content is judiciously i mplemented in classrooms through the instructional program, the goals or purposes for the schools will be achieved. To this list, virtually would add suggested disciple activities, instructional materials, and so forth, that these matters belong to a greater extent rightfully in the domain of instructional planning and we will not consider them here. A few comments about each of these four elements will be helpful to the reader in understanding their import for curriculum decisions. around curriculum writers would agree that it is worthy to include a statement of goals or purposes to be achieved by schools through the implementation of the planned curriculum. They may disagree as to what the goals ought to be, or they may disagree about the degree of specificity of the statements to be included. The most illustrious statement of goals or purposes for schools became known as the Seven Cardinal Principles of facts of life as formulated by the Commission on the Re arranging of Se condary Schools in 1918. They were health, command of the fundamental processes, worthy home membership, vocation, civic education, worthy drop of leisure, and ethical character.There is less consistency among curriculum writers in terms of their closet upon including a statement of document intent and theatrical role in a curriculum, and, in practice umpteen curricula do not contain such statements.Curricula have, in the past, contained statements mean to reveal the philosophy or window pane of view of the planners but this is not what we mean by a statement of document intent and use. A statement of document intent and use should be forthright and direct about such matters as (1) how teachers are expected to use the curriculum as a point of departure fur maturation their teaching strategies,(2) the fact that the curriculum is the official educational policy of the board of education, (3) the degree of universality in expectancy with regard to the discretion of teachers in implementing the curriculum, and(4) the degree to which teachers are to be held accountable for the implementation of the curriculum.These are illustrative of the kind of statement that may be formulated, but each planning group will have to decide on the number and character of such statements. With the amount of emphasis put upon curriculum evaluation in recent years, some mandate with respect to the curriculum evaluation is a very reasonable option for inclusion in a curriculum. The most common method of pupil evaluation used in the past has been the standardized (norm referenced) achievement test. In most cases, there were no hash out attempts to relate published curricula to the test batteries. Therefore, any leap in assumption about the directness of the family relationship between curriculum content and whatever was measured by the tests was likely to be untenable. All the to a greater extent reason for formalizing an evaluation scheme by including it in the curriculum.In one form or another, a curriculum must(prenominal) include a body of civilization content that has been deemed by the planners and directing government to be important for schools to use in fulfilling their roles as transmitters of nuance to the attack generations of young people. The basic curriculum brain is, and al centerings has been, that of what shall be taught in schools, and a major function of a curriculum is to transubstantiate the answer to that question into such forms that schools can fulfill their commitment and demonstrate that they leave done so.Most of the remainder of this chapter is devoted to discussion of this element of a curriculum so we will leave it at this point. But it should be do clear that from these options as potential elements of a curriculum, there emerge deuce dimensions of curriculum design. genius is the choice of and the arrangement of the elements to be included in the curriculum. The other is the form and arrangement of the contents o f each of the elements internally. The design enigma is greatest in the case of the form and arrangement of the cultivation content and it is the one most frequently discussed under the heading of curriculum design by curriculum writers past and present. .Culture Content-Knowledge-Curriculum ContentA curriculum is an expression of the choice of content selected from our total culture content and, as such, it is an expression of the role of the school in the inn for which the school has been established to serve. A word needs to be said here about the meaning associated with the expression culture content. Ralph Linton provided us with a classical and very useful definition of culture. He declaredA culture is the pattern of learned behavior and results of behavior whose component elements are shared and transmitted by the members of a accompaniment society (1945, p. 32).The term society is ordinarily used to refer to a group of someones who live together with common norms and shared frames of reference. Societies tend to generate their own culture and to transmit that culture to oncoming generations deep down that society. So long as societies and their cultures remained in a primitive state, their cultures were simple and could be transmitted to oncoming generations by direct contact between the young and the older members of the society. But as societies became more than daedal and the scope of their culture content increased so that the infection of the culture content to the young could no longer be accomplished by direct contact in daily living, societies were forced to pass water institutions to take on the responsibility for all or part of the cultural transmission task. The school is one of those institutions. The church is another. Both of these institutions have unique roles to play in society, and they tend to transmit different culture content to the young. Parochial schools tend to do both.As smith indicated in Chapter 3 of this Yearbo ok (not in this development JG), the culture content selected to be included in the curriculum of the school may be thought of as equivalent to the knowledge to which school students are to be exposed. In any case, it is critically important to be aware that not all culture content, or knowledge, accumulated by society comes under the purview of the school curriculum planning is a process of selecting and organizing culture content for transmission to student by the school. The process is very complex, involving input from many sources, but the organized end-result of the process is the design of the curriculum.The most sophisticated mode of organization of culture content for purposes of teaching is reflected by the various disciplines such as history, chemistry, or mathematics. In addition to the established and recognized disciplines, school subjects have been created out of constituted wisdom m the applications of selected percents of the disciplines to use areas of our cult ure such as vocational subjects, social studies, or reading and handwriting. In general, the recrudesce subject organization of culture content has predominated in curriculum design. Another focusing of speaking about curriculum content is to refer to cognitive content, skill content, and value or attitudinal content. As Smith discussed more fully in Chapter 3, all three types of content represent knowledge in some from either in the form of direct knowledge or a knowledge base. The three forms have been used as a classification schema or a taxonomy for curriculum content formulation.Historic Curriculum Design ConflictsOne must realize that tire basic curriculum question is, and always has been, one of what shall be taught in the schools. An immediate corollary to that question has been that of how shall what has been chosen to be taught in the school be organized so as to best alleviate the subsequent decisions about teaching and learning. Those two questions are the primary cu rriculum questions, and the organized decisions made in response to them culminate in a curriculum design. A few reflections about our curriculum past will illustrate settle of the conflicts in curriculum design that have taken place.In her study, Sequel observed that curriculum as we use the term today was not a subject of professional discussion until after 1890 (1966, p. 1). Rugg contended that decisions about curriculum content prior to the 20th century were decided primarily by textbook writers and textbook publishers (1926, Pp. Ill-11). It was not until 1918 that Bobbitt wrote the first definitive work on curriculum and since that fourth dimension curriculum writers have directed their forethought to the substance and organization of curriculum content (curriculum design) and to the processes of curriculum planning, implementing, and evaluating.By the early 1900, the stage had been set for the bump subjects organization of the culture content to be used in schools. In our v ery early elementary or primary schools, for example, pupils were taught to read, to write, and to compute the subjects were called reading, writing, and arithmetic. Much later such subjects as geography, history, and civics were added to the curriculum. In our early secondary schools, pupils were taught a selection of subjects (disciplines) that were directly associated with the disciplines taught at the college or university. Even though the separate subjects organization of culture content was used before curriculum became an area of professional study, it is still with us. True, subjects have ben added and others altered, but it stay the dominant approach to curriculum design.The separate subjects mode of curriculum design has been significantly challenged only erstwhile in our history. That challenge came with the advent of the Progressive Education movement. A principal belief of the Progressive Education movement was its dramatic emphasis on the learner in school settings. A substantial portion of the Progressive emphasis on the learner was stimulated by John Deweys (1916) call for more active and less passive learning in schools. This focus on the learner when applied to the organization of curriculum content led to endeavors remove extraneous from the separate subjects organization of tire curriculum content.The movemen away from the separate subjects organization (sometimes called subject-centered) was toward the integration, or fusion, of subjects under the assumption that such integration would not only facilitate learning on the part of pupils but would additionally make the knowledge, skills, and attitudes more easily available to the pupils in post-school life (the transfer occupation). The basic process involved here was the fusion of the contents of two or more of the separate subjects into another organization in which the individual subjects lost their separate identities. As one might expect, names were associated with the various integr ation or fusion attempts. Figure 1 adapted from Hopkins (1941, p. 18) illustrates the re novelal of names associated with curricula resulting from integrative or fusion processes. Hopkins here polarized the subject curriculum and the experience curriculum. The broad palm curriculum was placed in the center so as to show that it had a reasonable number of the characteristics of the two extremes. Others as indicated on either side depending on emphasis.Space in this volume will not permit extensive description of curricula developed as part of the enterprises to move away from separate subjects organization. The best we can do here is to identify some of them and cite sources for further investigation on the part of the reader. For example, in their hook The Child-Centered School, Rugg and Shumaker (1928) presented brief descriptions of the curricula of the Lincoln School, The Frances Parker School, and others of that time. In most cases, the curricula were built around child-cente red units of work, but attention was focused as needed on such basic subjects as reading, mathematics, history, geography, and so forth. One of the most extreme departures from separate subjects organization was proposed by Stratemeyer and others (1957). The authors proposed the persistent life situations concept as a basis for dealing with the curriculum building issues of scope, sequence, continuity, balance, and depth.At the junior and senior high school levels, finical mention should be made of the core curriculum. The core curriculum intellect was to get away from secret code but the discipline-centered curriculum. Most core programs were organized around larger and more flexible blocks of time, and the content was slackly centered on personal and social problems and problems of living. In many respects the core curriculum idea was an attempt to solve the general education problem in our upper schools.It is important to note that in practice in schools, curriculum design fa iled to get very far away from the subject- or discipline-centered design. The most lasting effect of the movement was the broad fields idea as represented by social studies, language arts, and general science, and they have persisted mostly in curricula for elementary and junior high schools.Contemporary Arguments roughly Curriculum DesignProbably the most persistent movement in curriculum design in recent years has been the proposed use of specific behavioral objectives as a basis for curriculum organization. Curriculum writers have long proposed that curricula ought to contain statements of goals or objectives, but not as the only content of a curriculum. Some contemporary writers have proposed that curricula should be thought of in terms of the anticipated consequences of instruction, or intended learning outcomes. (For example, see Popham and Baker, 1970 Johnson, 1977). The culture content in such cases would either be implied in the objectives or be considered as an instructi onaldecision. A distinct advantage of this type of curriculum design is that inadvertence of the implementation and of the evaluation of the curriculum is simplified and facilitated. Such proposals are in direct contrast to a proposal that a curriculum should he composed in four parts(1) a statement of goals,(2) an outline of the culture content that has the potential for reaching the goals,(3) a statement of the intended use of the curriculum, and(4) a schema for the evaluation of the curriculum (Beauchamp, 1981, p. 136).They are in even greater contrast to those who would include instructional considerations such as suggested activities for learners and instructional materials to be used. Curriculum planners should be warned that the inclusion of all of these things produces fat and seditious curricula.With respect to the culture content of curricula, two organizational concepts persist both in the literature and in the practice of writing curricula. The first is the tendency to continue with the basic framework of the subjects, or disciplines, that are to be taught. The second is to break the subject areas down into three identifiable components(1) cognitive,(2) inquiry and skill, and(3) affective (value, moral, attitudinal).Curriculum planners will probably wish to begin their thinking about design with the familiar, which will unquestionably be the ceremonious school subjects. They will consist of mathematics, social sciences (including social studies as a subject), the natural sciences, fine and applied arts, health and physical education, communications, and other languages. At the secondary school level, planners will add to these whatever vocational and technical subjects they may wish to offer. Some planners will wish to add an area that may be termed social problems, molar problems, or problems of living that may call for applications of elements learned in various conventional subjects.Curriculum planning is an educative process. For this reaso n classroom teachers should be involved in the undertaking. A very important reason for their involvement is that the process of curriculum planning presents an opportunity for them to engage in analysis of the culture content so that they may be more effective in their classrooms at the level of instruction. The analytic process of breaking down the culture content into cognitive, affective, and inquiry and skill components is one way that teachers may become mote knowledgeable about what they do. Also in this process of analyzing the culture content, the content is more specifically related to goals and at the same time it fosters better curriculum implementation. For these reasons, teachers participation in curriculum deliberations has been proposed frequently as a needed dimension of continuous teacher education.In Chapter 3, Smith raised the very important question of the utility of the culture content selected to be part of the curriculum content, and he posed several ways in which the utility of knowledge can be emphasized. In a more specific vein, Broody, Smith, and Burnett (1964) suggested on, potential uses of learnings acquired in school to he taken into consideration. They are the associative use, the replicative use, the applicative use, and the interpretive use (pp. 43-60). Very briefly, the associative use of knowledge refers to the psychological process of responding to a new situation with elements of knowledge previously acquired. The replicative use refers to situations that call for direct and familiar use of school day such as when we read a newspaper, write a letter, or balance a checkbook .The applicative use occurs when an individual is confronted with a new problem and is able to solve the new problem by the use of knowledge acquired in the study of school subjects through previous experience in solving problems demanding similar applications. The interpretive use of schooling refers to the orientation and perspective the individual brings to new situations because the individual has acquired ways of conceptualizing and classifying experience.Much of the discussion about uses of schooling (especially use external to the school) is an elaboration of the transfer problem that has plagued educators ever since Edward Thorndike first set forth his theory of transfer through the existence of identical elements in 1908. The most easily explained is the replicative use as described above because of the direct similarity between the use external to the school and the mode of learning and practice in school. Take reading for example. Reading from school materials is directly similar to reading of materials outside the school. But when it comes to applying knowledge or making new interpretations or associations between knowledge required in school and life situations external to schools, a more complicated transfer situation exists.Unfortunately, many of the questions raised about utility and uses of schooling have not be en answered through curriculum design. Nor are they likely to be because so much is dependent upon classroom teaching proficiency and the design of instructional strategies. The best efforts in curriculum design have been through the generation of new courses (subjects if you please) in which the content is purportedly more like life external to the school. Reference here is made not only to specialized courses such as technical, vocational, commercial and occupational courses but in any case to courses knowing around molar problems, problems of living, and core programs.In many respects, the broad fields courses were designed for purposes of saving time during the school day and to facilitate the transfer of knowledge acquired. But whatever the curriculum design, if teachers are not aware of and sensitive to the kind of analyses of the content to be taught as we have been discussing it, the uses of schooling will not be maximized. All the more reason why teachers should be part o f the curriculum planning effort and participate in the required dialogue.In summary, then, what courses of action with respect to curriculum design appear to be the most appropriate for todays curriculum planners? The most important aspect of curriculum design is the display to be made of culture content once the content has been selected. The total amount of culture content is constantly growing thus making the problem of selection for curriculum content more difficult as time goes on. Unquestionably, the role of those schools (elementary and secondary) that operate under compulsory school attendance laws must constantly be examined in terms of what they should or should not offer in their curricula. The elementary school curriculum has always been designed with general education in mind. In our contemporary society, the secondary school seems to be moving in that same direction. Both, however, have seen fit to divide the content selected into realms or courses as appropriate.Scop e and sequence have long been two major problems in curriculum design. The display of course content into topical outline is one way planners can watch for discrepancies in scope and sequence. It also helps with horizontal articulation among the various subjects. To help teachers generate greater insight into the content outline, it is desirable that the curriculum design reveal the expected cognitive, inquiry or skill, and affective outcomes.These are conventionally arranged in the design of the content in parallel with the topics in the outline. flow behaviorally the outcomes are to be stated is nonobligatory to the planners. These outcomes should also be thought of in terms of any goals or purposes that may be stated in the curriculum. What else to include in the design is optional to the plan. It has become quite conventional to think of goals or purposes first and then to select the content. Such procedure is quite arbitrary because all content is selected with some purpose in mind. Nonetheless, a statement of goals and purposes is a useful element in curriculum design.I would add to the topic outline and the expected outcomes a directive statement about the intended use to be made of the curriculum and a statement outlining a scheme for evaluating it.