Method Issues in Business Ethics Research

Question: Discuss about the Method Issues in Business Ethics Research. Answer: Introduction Highly profits seeking multinational organizations are more likely to maximize their profit beyond their domestic boundaries. Organizations having businesses in overseas countries are expected to comply with some legal and ethical parameters for running successful business (Grant, Arjoon and McGhee 2017). The Government of home country expects some ethical compliance from the organizations, while they are operating in overseas countries. However, the intension of earning more and more profit and maximizing in hand cash, some of the global business organizations are not complying with ethical and moral principles. Though the organizations are complying with the legal obligations, but they are not exhibiting ethical compliance and moral business practice. Moreover, the most significant ethical dilemma can be measured in terms of tax avoidance measures by some tech giants in the world (Giacalone and Promislo 2013). Some of the most important theory of ethics highlights on ethical dilemm as of business. Kant theory highlights the right and wrong of business practice on fulfilling their basic duties. Apart from that, ethical egoism reflects on the fact that whether business is harming others for their own self-interest or not. The recent newspaper article posted on The Economic Times on 3rd May, 2017 highlights the ethical dilemma in the business practice of Apple. Moreover, this newspaper article has raised the ethical issues of Apple, which it is practicing in its overseas business. While conducting business in overseas marker, the global business organizations have some ethical responsibilities towards its home country. However, in this article, it is found that the cash stockpile of Apple has hit a staggering $256.8 billion (The Economic Times 2017). It has become a sparking debate on Apple regarding the massive cash reserves. In order to avoid the complex tax codes of USA, Apple is not bringing back its overseas profit in USA. It has ultimately generated its cash stockpile to almost $2.5 to $3 trillion (The Economic Times 2017). Apple is the topmost US multinational company, who has been accused for avoiding the tax in their home country and make huge cash pile. Chellet al. (2016) opined that Apple has 90% stockpiles outside of USA market for avoiding complex tax rate of USA. Moreover, the organization has left almost $1.2tnof their earnings in overseas market for skirting the tax chargein USA. On the other hand, Michaelsonet al. (2014) pointed out that the intension of maximizing the profit has made the organization unwilling to move its overseas profit back to its home country. However, this business practice of Apple is actually causing ethical dilemma in the organization. It is also causing the corporate social responsibilities issues in the business practice of Apple. As per the CSR norms, an organization is liable to pay proper taxes to the Government and maintain transparency with the Government regarding the business practice. However, in such extent, Apple is not fair enough to maintain transparency with the US government regarding their tax payment in home country. In this way, there are enough CRS issues in this organization, which has become the major concern of debates. Moreover, this practice has drawn the attention of US president Donald Trump. Moreover,with an intension to encourage the global organizations towards moving overseas earning in US, he has initiated some new tax strategy. These strategies can lower the tax rate for repatriated earning of multinational companies on moving their profits back in US. As per, (Titcomb 2017) the president has initiated slashing business tax and one-time tax holiday for reducing tax rate of repatriated income. While asking to the Apple board, it has been known that the organization is still waitin g for another tax holiday for bringing their overseas money back to USA. While the cash and securities are piling up in overseas countries, Apple is piling up its debts in the United State. Giacalone and Promislo(2013) pointed out that Apple recently sits in about $53.2 billion long-term debt obligations. On the other hand, Grant, Arjoon and McGhee(2017) stated that Apple also huge non-current liabilities. Moreover, the organization is facing pressure on returning more cash to the shareholders with higher dividends and more share buybacks. Moreover, these debts are not included in the cash of Apple, which it has promised to the shareholders. In this way, the organization is also being incapable of providing fair return on investment in its US market. This practice of Apple is also indicating unethical dilemma in this business practice in home country. As per the stakeholder ethics, the organization should provide fair return on investment to the shareholders. However, in this case, Apple is not able to provide fair return on investment to the shareholders . It is actually causing ethical issues of the organization towards dealing with its US shareholders. With an intension to maximize profit and avoid huge tax rate, Apple is reserving much of its money in low tax countries. As per Beets, Lewis and Brower(2016), much of the funds of Apple are hold by its Irish subsidiaries. However, they have actually invested US assets. On the other hand, BBC News(2017) the US Government has held hearing on the unethical business practice of Apple for not paying the tax on its operations outside of the home country. However, the CEO of Apple has defended this organizational practice. The CEO has strenuously asserted that the organization pays the tax bills for all of its domestic operation. However, in case of foreign operation, the organization exploits the avoidance provision of Irish Tax law like many other companies. However, this organizational practice actually goes beyond the legal boundaries and creates ethical dilemma for the organization. Apple has become able to create corporations, which pay no income tax to any taxing nation. In order to reduce the tax burden for repatriated income, the organization has reserved much of its earning in Irish subsidiaries. According to Ethicalconsumer.org(2017), Ireland never assess the income tax on the entities, which are managed and operated from outside of the country. In such extent, Apple mostly invests asserts from US. Apple Operations International has no physical presence and no employees in Ireland. Moreover, the Ireland subsidiaries are completely operated and managed from the United State. In this way, the Irish Government cannot impose much tax on the business of Apple. Therefore, in Irish subsidiaries, Apple can utilize the tax avoidance provision and reserve more earnings by enhancing business profits. On the other hand, Campbell and Cowton(2015) opined that the United State assess the tax based on the subsidiary of incorporation only within the country. Therefore, it can be said that US uses complex tax codes for the multinational organizations. Furthermore, this complex tax codes actually leading the multinational companies like Apple to unethically avoid the US taxes and reserve more money in overseas subsidiaries of the organization. As per Beets, Lewis and Brower(2016), the business practice of Apple cannot be alleged with any legal claims, but it is highly associated with ethical dilemmas. The organization is not transparent enough with the Government of its home country. Moreover, the organization is only seeking increasing profit even by sacrificing the intension of ethical business practice. On the other hand,West(2014) opined that Apple is also incapable of meeting its stakeholder interest to a full extent. Moreover, the organization has already increased its debt and become incapable of providing fair return on investment to the important shareholders in US market. It is actually highlighting the ethical issues of the organization. As per Kantian theory, the right and wrongness of an action does not depend on its consequence, but on its motives towards fulfilling its duty.This theory is based on the view that intrinsically good things have good will. According to Chellet al. (2016), an action can be good enough, its maxim or principle is backed by moral law. Moreover, one should always obey the categorical imperatives, regardless of his/her desire or interest. On the other hand, Campbell and Cowton(2015) opined that morality must be based on categorical imperatives. These imperatives actually command a person to behave in moral way. While assessing the business practice of Apple, it has been found that the organization is not moving its overseas earnings to US. However, the intension behind this action of Apple is not good enough regardless of its consequences on the US market. The actual motive of the organization behind this action is to maximize organizational profit (Ethicalconsumer.org 2017). Moreover, they are actually avoiding the complex rate of US market.In this way, this practice of tax avoidance is actually reflecting an unethical business practice. Moreover, the categorical imperatives of the organization are not closely associated with morality, which is resulting in an unethical behavior in the business practice. Ethical Egoism is an ethical theory which is imposed on an individual or organization. According to West (2014), an organization should adhere to some standards of business practice, while doing any business. It should ensure that the any practice of the organization does not harm any individual. On the other hand, Michaelsonet al. (2014) opined that an organization should always avoid such actions or omissions, which can cause harm to others. Moreover, the breaching of standard can cause ethical dilemma in an organization, which can even lead to ethical issue.Furthermore, an organization should act responsibly in a given set of circumstances or otherwise, it can lead to ethical dilemma. While measuring the business practice of Apple, it can be seen that the cash stockpile of the organization is staggering. However, the organization has increased the long-term debts in the US market. In this way, it can be assumed that the organization is not maintaining transparent relationship with the US shareholders. Despite of having huge organizational profit, the organization has increased its long-term debts. Moreover, it is not providing fair return on investment to its US shareholders (Titcomb 2017). Therefore, it can be said that the business practice of Apple is actually harming the shareholders, which can lead to law of negligence and ethical issue. Ethical egoism is a normative ethical positioning, which a moral agent ought to do with his self-interests. According to Giacalone and Promislo(2013), moral agents always have their obligations and interest towards helping others. Moreover, they always scarify their own interest for the sake of fulfilling others interests. On the other hand, Michaelsonet al. (2014) opined that the interests of moral agents are substantially equivalent to the interests and well-beings of others. Moral and ethical deliberations are occurred, when moral agents harm the interests and well-beings of others. While assessing the cash stockpiling news of Apple, it can be seen that the organization has reserved 90% of overseas earnings in overseas markets (The Economic Times 2017). Moreover, the organization is not moving their overseas earnings back in US market. Moreover, the organization is not investing in the economy of the USA. In this way, the organization is not actually contributing the economic development of USA (BBC News 2017). Most of the money is invested in the foreign countries and developing the economy of those countries. In this way, the organization is harming the interest and well-being of its home country USA. Moreover, the cash stockpiling of the organization is actually causing ethical dilemma by harming the USA economy. Conclusion In conclusion, it can be said the cash stockpiling of Apple is staggering by avoiding the taxes in USA for its repatriated income. The organization is not willing to move its repatriated income back to its home country USA. The intension behind this practice is to avoid the complex tax code of USA. In this way, the tax avoidance practice of Apple is actually causing ethical dilemma in its business practice. Moreover, the organization is also not contributing properly in the development of US economy. Furthermore, most of the repatriated income of the organization is reserved in the Irish subsidiaries for getting tax avoidance provision. Donald Trump is encouraging the multinational organization to moving their overseas earnings back to US by cutting the tax rate. Reference List BBC News. 2017.Apple 'among largest tax avoiders in US' - Senate committee - BBC News. [online] Available at: https://www.bbc.com/news/business-22600984 [Accessed 7 May 2017]. Beets, S.D., Lewis, B.R. and Brower, H.H., 2016. The quality of business ethics journals: An assessment based on application.Business Society,55(2), pp.188-213. Campbell, D. and Cowton, C.J., 2015. Method issues in business ethics research: finding credible answers to questions that matter.Business Ethics: A European Review,24(S1), pp.S3-S10. Chell, E., Spence, L.J., Perrini, F. and Harris, J.D., 2016. Social entrepreneurship and business ethics: does social equal ethical?.Journal of Business Ethics,133(4), pp.619-625. Ethicalconsumer.org. 2017.Apple Inc - Anti-Social Finance. [online] Available at: https://www.ethicalconsumer.org/companystories.aspx?CompanyId=12944CategoryId=288176 [Accessed 7 May 2017]. Giacalone, R.A. and Promislo, M.D., 2013. Broken when entering: The stigmatization of goodness and business ethics education.Academy of Management Learning Education,12(1), pp.86-101. Grant, P., Arjoon, S. and McGhee, P., 2017. Reconciling Ethical Theory and Practice: Toward Developing a Business Ethics Pedagogical Model.Business and Professional Ethics Journal,36(1), pp.41-65. Michaelson, C., Pratt, M.G., Grant, A.M. and Dunn, C.P., 2014. Meaningful work: Connecting business ethics and organization studies.Journal of Business Ethics,121(1), pp.77-90. The Economic Times. 2017.Apple's dilemma: What to do with $256 billion cash pile - The Economic Times. [online] Available at: https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/business/apples-dilemma-what-to-do-with-256-billion-cash-pile/articleshow/58491186.cms [Accessed 7 May 2017]. Titcomb, J. 2017.Apple's cash reserves swell to $250bn. [online] The Telegraph. Available at: https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/2017/05/01/apples-cash-reserves-swell-250bn/ [Accessed 7 May 2017]. West, A., 2014. Ubuntu and business ethics: Problems, perspectives and prospects.Journal of Business Ethics,121(1), pp.47-61.

Development Through Life Stages free essay sample

Life begins with conception. A woman normally produces one egg cell each month, roughly two weeks after the last menstrual period. This egg can then be fertilized if sexual intercourse takes place while the egg is in the fallopian tube. Fertilization means that the genetic material in the sperm joins with the genetic material in the egg to start new life. Pregnancy Pregnancy is the period from conception to birth when a woman carries a developing foetus in her uterus. Pregnancy begins when a sperm penetrates an egg. One to one and a half days later, the single fertilized cell begins to divide, after two or three days there are enough cells to make the fertilised egg the size of a pin head. The collection of cells travels to the lining of the uterus where it becomes implanted. At this stage the collection of cells is called an embryo. After eight weeks, the embryo may have grown to between three and four centimetres, has a recognizable heart bear ad the beginnings of eyes, ears, a mouth, legs and arms. At this stage the growing organism is called a foetus. During the final seven months before birth, all the organs continue to develop. By twenty weeks, the foetus will have reached about the half the length of the baby at birth, by thirty two weeks, the foetus will be about half its birth weight. Birth and Infancy Usually about nine months after conception the baby will be born. The new born babe has to take easily digestible food such as mothers milk in the first weeks in order to grow. A new born baby does not have a fully developed brain but can usually hear sounds, tell differences in the way things taste, identify the smell of their own mother or carer. Infants are born with various temporary and primitive reflexes such as: turning their head towards any touch on the cheek. This helps the baby get the nipple into their mouth to feed, if you place your finger in the palm of the babys hand, they will grasp your finger tightly, this is called the grasp reflex, if a baby is startled they will throw their hands and arms outwards, arching the back and straightening their legs, this is called the startle reflex, if a new born baby is help upright with their feet touching the ground, they will begin to make movements as if trying to walk, this reflex is called the walking reflex. Babies are helpless when it comes to muscle co-ordination and control. Babies cant hold up their head, roll over, sit up, or use their hands to move objects deliberately. Despite their muscular inability, babies have the ability to recognise and interact with people. Babies prefer the sound of human voices to other sounds and soon learn to recognise their mothers voice. Babies are born with the natural ability to sense objects. The sensorimotor stage is a stage when thinking is limited to sensing objects and performing motor actions. Jean Piaget, a Swiss development psychologist believed that a baby would not have a working system for remembering and thinking about the world until babies reach about 18 months old. At around 3 months infants begin to make babbling noises as they learn to control the muscles associated with speech and around 12 months infants begin to imitate sounds made by carers such as ‘da-da’; this develops into the use of single words. At around 2 years infants begin to make two-word statements such as cat goed (using the wrong tense) and the infant begins to build their vocabulary. At around 3 years children begin to make simple sentences such as I want a drink This develops the ability to ask questions but use of the wrong tense still occurs. At around 4 years children begin to use clear sentences that can be understood by strangers. Children can still be expected to make mistakes with their grammar. At 5 years children can speak using full adult grammar. Vocabulary will continue to develop through their whole lives. Social Development for newborn and infants occurs while interacting with carers because they seem to have an in-built tendency to interact with carers. By 2 months they may start smile at human faces, at 3 months infants will respond when adults talk, at five months infants can distinguish between familiar and unfamiliar people. Infants make their first relationships as they form an emotional attachment to carers. In the later stages of infancy, infants will play alongside other children. Bowlby (1953) argued that infants have an in-built need to form an attachment with a carer. The quality of this attachment may affect emotional development for the rest of the child’s life. Childhood During this stage children grow steadily but extremely rapidly during infancy. By the age of six, a childs head will be ninety per cent of adult, even though the body still has a lot of growing to do. Reproductive organs remain small until the onset of puberty. Childrens practical abilities continue: at the age of two, children may be able to run and climb stairs one step at a time, by age four children may be able to kick and throw objects, by age six or seven, a child may be able to skip and ride a bicycle. The pre-operational stage ( pre-logic ages 2-7) is a stage that Piagit believed that children could no think in a logical way. Piagit explained that pre-operational children connot properly understad how ideas like numbers, mass and volume really work. A child might be able to count to 10 but might not understand what the number 10 really mean. For example if there are two, two litre bottes (and the child wasnt aware of both the bottles containing 2 litres) of water and one of the bottles is longer in length and thin by width and the other is short in length and big in width then a child in this stage might say the two litre bottle longer in length is longer because it is simply longer or taller. The concrete operational stage (7-11 years) can think logically provided the issues at hand are simple logical puzzles. For example if you ask a seven year old a question such as Bill is taller then Bob, but Georgia is smaller than Samantha so who is the tallest? they may find it difficicult to mentaiily imagine the information given to them, this is called abstract logical thinking but if the seven year old was given a picture of Bill, Bob, Georgia and Samantha then they would point out quickly who is the tallest, this type of thinking is called concrete logical thinking. Young children are emotionally attached and dependent on the adults that care for them. Children begin to learn social roles and behaviour within their family. This is called first or primary socialisation. A family environment would provide a safe environment which children can explore social relationships with other children such as co-operative play. As childs age increases, the amount of independence coincides. Children also build relationships built on a sense of mutual trust. Friendships become more important as children grow towards adolescence. Even before children reach adolesence they may start to form a circle of friends that share common interests and agree with each other. Children use their imagination to begin to understand the social roles that other people play. Children begin to imagine an idea of themselves or a me. Relationships between family members may influence a childs amount of self-worth. The way way that a child gets on with teachers and friends may influence their self-confidence. These factors can ultimately develop a childs permanent sense of confidence and high amount of self worth or a sense of failure and inferiority. At around 3 years children begin to make simple sentences such as I want a drink This develops the ability to ask questions but use of the wrong tense still occurs. At around 4 years children begin to use clear sentences that can be understood by strangers. Children can still be expected to make mistakes with their grammar. At 5 years children can speak using full adult grammar. Vocabulary will continue to develop through their lives, this is of course unless their mental capacity deteriorates as they reach the end of their lives.

The Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde Essays - Films, Novellas

The Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde Robert Louis Stevenson in The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde is telling us that we fear the knowledge of our duality so we keep silent. We are afraid of the truth, about ourselves, so we stay quiet. Everyone has a part of himself or herself that they dont reveal to anyone. We are afraid to show it but when it comes out wed rather not talk about it. The author shows knowledge as a very important thing. Now I shall know you again, said Mr. Utterson. It may be useful. This quote is said when Mr. Utterson meets Mr. Hyde for the first time. Another quote that proves this is I wish to see or hear no more of Dr. Jekyll. Lanyon said this after he had seen Mr. Hyde turn into Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Utterson was asking him questions about Dr. Jekyll. Lanyon, you remember your vows: what follows is under the seal of our profession... Lanyon is about to find out about Dr. Jekylls secret. Another pattern that the author shows as being important is fear. Mr. Utterson and Mr. Enfield were walking together and seen Dr. Jekyll in his house. They were talking to him when all of a sudden he started to change into Mr. Hyde. When they saw this they looked at each other, both were pale and had an answering horror in their eyes. I am afraid, I think there has been foul play. Poole says this when he goes and talks to Mr. Utterson about Dr. Jekyll. Also when Mr. Utterson and Poole want to talk to Dr. Jekyll and ask for him but find out that Mr. Hyde is inside they swing an axe at his door. They hear a dismal screech, as of mere animal terror. Another way fear is shown is when Lanyon saw Mr. Hyde turn into Dr. Jekyll. O God and O God again and again. Lanyon said this after what he saw. Another major pattern is duality. You can see duality through out the whole book. One example is Mr. Utterson and Mr. Enfield. Mr. Utterson is very popular around town. He is also involved with the town. On the other hand Mr. Enfield was always quiet and didnt do anything around the town. But they were always together. Another example is Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. Dr. Jekyll was a smart, polite, and kind person. While Mr. Hyde was a person who liked to have fun. He was a rude and an evil person. This shows duality because Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde was the same person. In the last chapter, the one that Henry Jekyll wrote he says Hence it came about that I concealed my pleasures. He wrote saying that he was holding back. Also in the same letter he says ...I saw that, of the two natures that contended in the field of my consciousness, I was both. In the same chapter he says he had just woke up and looked at his hand and saw something weird. It was the hand of Edward Hyde. Silence. Another thing he wanted us to know was important. I wouldnt speak of this note. Utterson said this when the guest compared the two handwritings of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. Also When Dr. Jekyll wrote a note to Mr. Utterson excusing himself when he wouldnt see him The note said ...to lighten this destiny, and respect my silence. Lanyon left a letter to Mr. Utterson. When he opened it there was another letter that said not to be opened till the death or disappearance of Dr. Henry Jekyll. Mr. Utterson was temped to open it but he kept this silent too. Mr. Utterson and Mr. Enfield were walking and they seen Dr. Jekyll start to turn into Mr. Hyde. When they seen this Mr. Enfield only nodded his head, and both walked on once more in silence. Another example is when Poole takes Mr. Utterson a letter from Dr. Jekyll. After they read this Utterson puts this in his pocket and says I would say

Unjust War essays

Unjust War essays But out of the gobbledygook, comes a very clear thing: you cant trust the government; you cant believe what they say; and you cant rely on their judgment; and the the implicit infallibility of presidents, which has been an accepted thing in America, is badly hurt by this, because it shows that people do things the President wants to do even though its wrong, and the President can be wrong. This quote comes from Richard Nixon in the year 1971 while the Vietnam War had another two years of conflict remaining and casualties on both sides were at an all time high. Before my Peace Studies class I knew that popular opinion labeled the Vietnam War as unjust, but I knew very little as to why this was a common sentiment. Over the past few months we have been presented with ample evidence that this war was fought for the wrong reasons against an enemy that had been fighting years before we came. From 1964 when tensions in Vietnam began to mount followed by an escalation of troops, President Johnson questioned the possibility of victory against an enemy as determined and established as the Peoples Army of Vietnam. The Vietnam War was wrong on so many levels: the lower class of America accounted for nearly all of U.S. casualties; we devastated North Vietnam with more bombs than were dropped by all sides in World War II; we completely ignored histories lessons and went into th is war gung-ho with no entrance or exit strategy; and the list goes on. To start with we will look at the most horrific part of war: casualties. In terms of the devastation inflicted upon Vietnam and its inhabitants, I guess you could say we won the war. We had a 17-1 kill ratio among soldiers fighting in the war. 17 Vietnamese soldiers dead for every 1 of ours. Lyndon B. Johnson and the other war criminals that got us into the Vietnam quagmire must have felt it was a fair trade: 17 communists for one c ...

Invasion of Privacy in the UK Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Invasion of Privacy in the UK - Coursework Example Remedies for the invasion of privacy are limited to informational privacy against private parties and broadly against public authorities.   It, therefore, follows that invasion of privacy is not a well-developed remedy in British law as it is restricted as this paper demonstrates.   An examination of the interpretation of Article 8 of ECHR demonstrates that the right to protection from governmental invasion is limited. Moreover, remedies for invasion of privacy under the Data Protection Act are of little use to the ordinary citizen.   Thus there is a need for the Supreme Court to declare a tort of invasion of privacy in the same manner as a right for infringement of other Convention rights can be claimed in tort. The law of privacy is not as developed in the UK as it is in the US.   However, there are remedies for invasion of privacy in the UK against government officials. The Younger Committee first recommended a tort for invasion of privacy in 1972. But the recommendation was rejected primarily on the grounds that imposing a tort for protection against invasion of privacy was difficult when balancing personal privacy against the wider public interest in protecting freedom of expression and the free exchange of information.   However, it is suggested that in a private situation, the free exchange of information and freedom of expression has little public utility as the value obtained from invading the privacy of an individual in private settings is limited. For instance, if an individual takes a photograph of his neighbor without his neighbor’s permission for his own personal use, there is no public benefit for the public and thus, there is no need to balance free expression with the protection of personal privacy.  

LLM Human Rights -International criminal law Essay

LLM Human Rights -International criminal law - Essay Example ncy of international armed conflicts facilitated by the oppressive regimes has not only caused grave violation of fundamental human rights but has also radically spurred the rate of victimization. Although, according to reports, the number of deaths since World War II, has declined significantly, there are still several regions wherein such conflicts have caused wide spread damage and loss of life and property raising the death toll in the process, and all efforts to contain or restrict such conflicts have largely been reported to be unsuccessful1. Such victimization caused by international armed conflicts include genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, extra judicial carnages, persecution, and random arrest detainment etc, which amount to a grave violation of the international human rights law 2. Present-day armed conflicts, are more often than not, occur on account of strain between governments of different nations or in case of non international armed conflicts, between non state actors or minority groups and the governing authorities. The analytical report presented by the U.N. secretary general on the minimum humanitarian standards, state that modern day conflicts are most often, driven by conditions whereby a particular group or groups take up arms against the other in the quest for attaining their own political aspirations and goals, for instance, for seizing control, or creation of self – government for safeguarding the rights of their particular minority groups, or with a view to depose the existing ruling authority and establish their own regime. Some other characteristic factors which give rise to such conflict include situations where the present government has disintegrated or is rendered permanently incapacitated or is disinclined to arbitrate, impede or avert such violence between the armed groups3. Moreover, the types of human rights abuses which occur during such armed conflicts reveal that the civilian population in

The Confessions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Confessions - Essay Example Using mental forces, such as tricks, lies and the instilment of fear in the individual in question, a majority of the police officers lie to suspects as a way to intimidate them, or trick them into saying the truth. Even so, physical force is prohibited in the search for answers, and as the situation presented, it is in consequence arguable that the lies, loudness, and fear-instilling motives of the police officers are completely justified. The usual criminal approaches that are logical and ethical are not fruitful in any given contexts, and so the use of unconventional ways, being as fruitful as it is, is justified for the law, but unjustified for the criminals. The Miranda rights of criminals are not only waived to them, because this is the logically accepted process of interrogation, but rather because suspects are merely suspects. At times, they may be innocent, whereas in other incidences they are guilty of the allegations tabled against them. The Miranda rights of the suspects give him an opportunity to pursue his right to silence, because most of the innocent suspects may incriminate themselves of other crimes that are not part of the investigation. The Miranda rights offer suspects protection from harassment by the law enforcing agencies and agents. The Miranda rights thus prove that a suspect is innocent until proven guilty (Ofra, 2000). A constitutional right awarded to any individual suspected as a strategy to abide by the constitution, and as such, suspects possess rights to securing lawyers prior to answering any questions asked by police officers as their democratic freedom of speech and expression. Criminals in the contemporary society are wiser than they were decades ago. Criminals are able to wipe out evidence of their guilt from the crime scene, and the DNA not matching. This shows that the criminals were either not guilty, or were very wise and tactful in the execution of the crime. Secondly, the suspects displayed signs of guilt all through the entire investigation. The DNA results of the hair and bodily fluids did not equate the victim from having pursued sexual or physical intimacy with another individual prior to the occurrence of the crime. Such occurrences cannot be brushed away mildly on the contention that none of the DNA samples matched up with the four suspects DNA (Ofra, 2000). The questioning of Dick had also raised new information pertaining to the cause, such as the admittance of guilt and the implication of Erick, and the rest of the suspects, who already displayed signs of guilt of the murder of Michelle Boseko. The contention that the suspects committed the crime is because of the confessions by Dick Erick, Williams and the other party made, as a way to take away guilt from their consciousness. According to William’s lawyer, no one can admit to a crime that was not committed, and with all suspects confessing to murder, none of the parties involved in the case, from the prosecution to the jury, be lieved that the individuals were innocent. Additionally, with their confessions being critical, the suspects might have committed the crime previously, though it did not lead to the murder of the victim or had the will or desire to commit a crime against the victim. Several other parties might have contributed to the dismissal of the logical evidence presented by the forensics department, which include the jury, the suspects and the lawyers as well. With their clients confessing to crimes that they were purposely instructed not to